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REPORT 



ON THE 



AGEICULTUEAL AND OTHER RESOUECES 



OF THE 



71,'* 



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STATE OF NEW YORK. 



BY 

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THEODORE C.'PETERS, 

STATB ASSESSOR. 



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TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE, JANUARY 7th, 1864. 



H ALBANY : 

VAN BENTHUYSEN'S STEAM PRINTING HOUSE. 

1864. 



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OOISTTENTS. 



Resolution passed by Executive Committee of N. T. Agricultural Societt. 

Lktter to Col. B. P. Johnson. 

Preface. 

Introduction. 

CHAPTER I. 

Boundaries of State — Area in Square Miles, Burr's Atlas — Boards of Supervisors' Returns — 
Acres, in State Census — Conflicting Estimates — Census Area Adopted — Square miles Im- 
proved — Square Miles Unimproved — Acres Improved — Unimproved — Per cent of Unimproved 
to Improved, in Groups — Topography — Three Ranges of Mountains — Country west of Moun- 
tains — Taconic System— Rivers — Water Power uncertain — Facility for Reaching Coal — Effect 
on Water Power — State manufacturing Center — Divided into Groups — Why — Groups and 
Names of — Per cent of Surface in each. 

CHAPTER II. 

Markets, resources in Soil and Sub-soil — Mines and Agriculture — Surplus of Each — Affected by 
Markets — Taxation must not take Capital — Commerce, Manufacturers, Agriculture, index of 
Resources — Commerce and Manufactures Build and Sustain Towns — Peace and Quiet — No 
Rivals to Agriculture — Value of Lands depend upon Markets — Local Markets — General 
Consumption — 1st Group, 2d Group, 3d Group, 4th Group, 5th Group, 6th Group— Facilities 
for Reaching Markets — Two Classes — Highway — Railroads — Canals — Average Highways in 
Groups — Commercial Routes — Kinds — Miles in Groups — Benefits of Commercial Routes — 
Towns — Cities — Farms. 

CHAPTER III. 

Population— Classified— City— Village— Rural— Proportion of Each— Density of— Estimated by 
improved Square Miles to City— Village— Rural— Population to Square Mile— To improved 
Land— City to Square Mile— Village do— Rural do — Value of Real Estate depends on Condi- 
tion of Towns — Population an index of Value — Rural Population reached Maximum — Dis- 
tribution of Improved Land — Terms Defined — Pastures — Meadow Grains — White Straw Crops 
— Fodder Crops — Roots — Commercial Crops — Proportions — Tillage Crops— Acreable Yield — 
Value of Vegetable Crops— Totals — Farmers sell Straw— Bad Practice— Animals— Kinds- 
Proportions — Horses estimated in Cities — Animal Products — Consumption of Beef — Value of 
Animal Products— Recapitulation of Values— Sum Added— Acreable Value— Per cent of 
Capital. 

CHAPTER IV. 

Valuations— Real Estate— How Obtained— Erie County given as a Specimen— New York city 
Valued — Cities Valued — Aggregates — Unimproved land Valued — How — Average value of 
Land— Personal Estate— Difficult to Analyze— Aggregates— Insurance Risks — Aggregate 
Real and Personal — Insurance Department gather Statistics — Agriculture, detailed in Groups 
— General — Farming improved in Five Years — Manure Increased — Dairy tendency — Animal 
and Vegetable Produce — One must Exceed the Other — Competition of other States — Im- 
provement of Farms Necessary — Different Crops — Vineyards. 

CHAPTER V. 
Group I— Counties — Islands— Surface— Bays furnish Facilities— Counties Described— Kings, 
New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk— Area— Population— Classed— Density of Population 
— Unimproved Land yet to be Improved — Valuations — Farms — Tools — Stock — Routes of 
Trafiic— Aggregate Valuations— Distribution of Land— Crops— Vegetable Products— Value- 
Animals— Proportion— Lands Profitable as Market Gardens— Animal Products— Value— Ap- 
pendix — Statistics — Agricultural — Financial Population and Assessed Values. 



IV CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Group II — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Scenery — Wealthy Men seeking Homes — 
Suburb of New York — Mineral Resources — Counties Described — Columbia, Dutchess, Put- 
nam, Rensselaer, Washington, Westchester — Area — Population — Aggregate Valuations — 
Value of Farms per Acre — Average Capital in Farms — Miles of Traffic Routes — Distribution 
of Land — In Grass— In Tillage — Quantity of Crops — Value— Straw — Once Wheat Land — 
Not Now — Crops not what should be — Rye staple Crop — Potatoes — Flax leading Crop — Ani- 
mals — Do Products — Value — Surplus Vegetable Products — Value — Proportion — Cattle — Agri- 
culture — Afifect by Markets— General System Bad — Traffic Routes to Square Miles — Appen- 
dix — Agricultural Statistics — Tax Values — Financial. 

CHAPTER VII. 

Group III — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Description of Counties — Albany, Delaware, 
Greene, Montgomery, Orange, Otsego, Rockland, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster — 
Area — Population Density — Valuations — Farms — Aggregate Value of Real Estate — Traffic 
Routes — Aggregate Personal and Real — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage Crops — Vege- 
table Products and Value — Animals — Products and Value — Wheat surplus Sold — Aggregate 
Value of Surplus — Agriculture — Grass should be Leading Feature — Hops not Profitable- 
English Opinion — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Valuation — Finance. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Group IV — Counties — Boundaries — Topography— Counties Described — Clinton, Essex, Frank- 
lin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren — Area — Population — 
Valuations of Land — Farms — Routes of Traffic — Aggregate — Value of Real and Personal 
Estate — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — Vegetable Products — Value — Animals — Pro. 
duets and Value — Aggregate Products — Annual Value of Farm Products — Agriculture — 
Suggestions when Land first Cleared — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — 
Financial. 

CHAPTER IX. 

Group V — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Prof. Hall's Description — Counties Described — 
Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Erie, Jeffer- 
son, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Oswego, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wyoming — 
Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real Estate — Personal — Distribution 
of Land — Grass — Tillage Crops — Vegetable Products and Value — Animals — Products and 
Value — Agriculture — Can be Improved — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value 
— Financial table. 

CHAPTER X. 

Group VI — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Prof. Hall's Description — Counties Described 
— Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, 
Wayne, Yates — Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real and Personal 
Estate — Aggregate Valuation Personal and Real — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — 
Vegetable Products and Value — Animals — Products — Value — Agriculture — Grain Growing — 
Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Financial. 

GENERAL APPENDIX. 

Statistics of Area — Population — Distribution of Land — Animals — Products— Value — "Digest 
of Facts " — Manufactures — Value. 



REPORT 



New York State Agricultural Society, \ 
Executive Meeting, Sept. 20, 1864. ) 
The following resolution was adopted: 

Resolved, That the Hon. T. C. Peters be requested to prepare his " Report 
on the Agricultural and other Resources of the State," as State Assessor, 
for publication in the Transactions of 1863. 

[A copy.] B. P. JOHNSON, Secretary. 

Letter to Col. B. P. Johnson. 

Col. B. P. Johnson, Secretary, &c.: 

My Dear Sir — I hand you herewith the report called for by the foregoing 
resolution. 

You will please tender to the committee my sincere thanks for the honor 
conferred, by thus placing my humble efforts in behalf of the great inte- 
rests of the people of this State among the enduring monuments of its 
Society. I am, sir, your old friend, with great respect, 

Darien, September 26, 1864. THEODORE C. PETERS. 

Preface. 

In complying with the request of the Executive Committee of the State 
Agricultural Society, to prepare the following report for publication in the 
Transactions for 1863, I haye in some slight particulars changed the text 
from that submitted to the Legislature last winter. 

I believe it of very great importance to be well examined by each farmer 
and mechanic in this State. Facts are herein embraced that cannot be too 
well understood by all tax payers. 

It is because of their ignorance of these facts, and the conclusions drawn 
therefrom, that legislation is so crude and faulty. 

I trust it may be the means of calling the attention of the people to the 
inauguration of a thorough system of statistics, for its only thereby that 
their best interests will be conserved in the equalization of values for pur- 
poses of State taxation, 

I regret that I have not met with that cordial support, both by people and 
legislatures, in the prosecution of my labors, which the importance of the 
subject demands. 

Strenuous efforts have been made by people and members of the Legisla- 
ture, during the whole time I have been engaged, to repeal the law which 
authorized the appointment of the State Assessors, and failing in that, 
some have sought for temporary popularity by endeavoring to compel 
resignation, by withholding appropriation for annual services. 



6 

r 

A few men have been found each year who appreciated the importance of 
the subject, and to their steady friendship and support I am indebted for 
the power to complete this report. 

I hope it will demonstrate the vital importance of the subject, and that 
hereafter, whether in my hands or those of a more competent person, no 
obstacle will be thrown in the way of prosecuting the inquiries into the re- 
sources of this State, and the best means of their most thorough development. 

Darien, September 26. 

Introduction. 

In preparing a report on the " Resources of the State," an attempt has 
been made to so divide the several counties into groups, as to show at a 
glance the pi-evailing topography and agriculture of the State, and from 
the condition of its agriculture the value of its lands and the wealth of its 
agricultural population, as their prosperity is an index to the prosperity of 
all other industrial pursuits. 

The commercial advantages of each group are also shown, as by the 
internal commerce of the State the continued increase of capital is to be 
affected, and upon that increase depends much of the value of the real 
estate of cities and villages, and the accumulation of personal property. 

In a general manner, also, the manufacturing facilities of each group are 
alluded to, so that the future prospect of a rapid accumulation of popula- 
tion and wealth or the reverse may be anticipated. 

Sufficient time cannot be had before the close of the session, even if a 
large clerical force could be commanded, to give in proper detail the manu- 
facturing capital in each group and county. The aggregates only are given 
for the whole State. 

The value of the real estate depends upon the condition of agriculture, 
commerce and manufactures; whenever they are prosperous, there is a 
steady accumulation of personal property in the shape of realized capital 
aggregated in banks. This capital becomes more disintegrated as the 
country grows more prosperous, for aggregated capital is less productive 
as individual capital accumulates and seeks new combinations in manufac- 
turing enterprises. 

The present prospects and future condition of markets is noticed as giv- 
ing important facts in regard to the value of farm lands, and village and 
city real estate, in the aggregate and for each group. 

The State census of 1860 has been taken as the basis for agricultural 
and manufacturing statistics, not only from the fact that it is better adapted 
in its detail, but that it is more under the control of the State, and can be 
made better subservient to the plan for a more complete and systematic 
collection of facts than the census of the United States. It has, however, 
been found full of faults and errors. 

As the time draws near for the next census, it is important that prepara- 
tions should be begun this year; and it is respectfully suggested, that in 
arranging the schedules, a very great improvement can be made upon those 
of the last census. 

It is not important how many currants or gooseberries were raised in 
1864 or '65, but it is important to know how many acres are in wood land 



or absolute waste, as well as how many are improved. It is also important 
to know how many acres are occupied by buildings, roads and fences; how 
many by orchards, by nurseries and vineyards, as well as the quantity and 
value of their products. 

It is also important to know how much land is in village and city occu- 
pation, and the population of each, distinguished from farming or rural 
population. 

The schedules in regard to animals should also be extended, especially 
those relating to sheep, dividing them into fine and coarse wooled. 

Indeed, any person who has had occasion to study the condition of the 
property of this State, can readily suggest many important sources of 
information which are now entirely wanting in the development of the 
industrial resources of the State. 

Our great need at this time is a department devoted to the assessment 
of property. The present method is so entirely defective and partial, that 
in many cases the levy of taxes upon individual property is little better 
than a farce, while upon others it amounts to a serious burthen. 

The assessment of property for purposes of taxation interests almost 
every person in the State, and spreads over its whole available wealth, 
amounting to billions of dollars. Yet the system is one of the most defec- 
tive which is known in the history of any civilized people. 

A bureau of assessments, if properly conducted, will gradually improve 
this defective system and introduce order and equity into the administra- 
tion of the tax laws. 

No originality is claimed for this report beyond the grouping of the 
counties. That has grown out of a repeated personal examination of all 
parts of the State, with reference to the value of its lands and to its gene- 
ral industrial resources. 

Information has been sought in all places where it could be found, and 
when found, appropriated. In the general arrangement and detail of the 
report no model has been followed, simply because none existed which gave 
any adequate idea of the internal resources of the people of a State. Im- 
perfect as this report may be, yet it fills a gap in regard to the material 
condition of the people, which it was important should be closed. It is the 
first of a series of reports that fehould be made as often as once in five 
years, and its importance will become more manifest each year. 

It was intended at first to give the valuation of all the real estate with 
the same minuteness of detail as is shown in the valuations of Erie county, 
page — , ample materials being in hand therefor; but upon reflection it 
seemed best to defer those valuations until they could be tested by a more 
thorough examination, if means should be permitted for that purpose. 

The tables in the appendix will be found worthy of study. Tables G and 
H are particularly useful in regard to the density of animals in the differ- 
ent groups, as well as the proportion of general crops grown in each. 

The tables at the end of each group give the census details for each 
county in the group. 

If this report be the means of disseminating a better knowledge of the 
true condition of our State among all classes of its citizens, an important 
work has been accomplished, and the labor of years not in vain. 



CHAPTER I. 

Boundaries of State — Area in Square Miles, Burr's Atlas — Boards of Supervisors' Returns — 
Acres, in State Census — Conflicting Estimates — Census Area Adopted — Square Miles Im- 
proved — Square Miles Unimproved — Acres Improved — Unimproved — Per cent of Unimproved 
to Improved, in Groups — Topography — Three Ranges of Mountains — Country west of Moun- 
tains — Taconic System — Rivers — Water Power Uncertain — Facility for Reaching Coal — Effect 
on Water Power — State Manufacturing Centre — Divided into Groups — Why — Groups and 
Names of — Per cent of Surface in Each. 

Geography, Topography and Division of State into Agricultu- 
ral Groups by Counties. 

The State of New York is situated between 40° 30 min. and 45^* north 
latitude, and between 5° 5 min. of east and 2° 55 min. of west longitude 
from the city of Washington. It is bounded on the south in part by the 
Atlantic ocean, by the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west by 
part of Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and Niagara river; north by Lake Ontario, 
part of the river St. Lawrence and of Canada East; east by the States of 
Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

The area, according to Burr's Atlas, is 46,200 square miles, or 29,568,000 
acres. 

The returns of the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the 
land assessed by the town assessors give an aggregate of 43,164 square 
miles, or 21,624,782 acres. 

The aggregate returned by the State Census of 1855 is 41,809 square 
miles, or 26,758,182 acres. The difference between the two extremes is 
about 3,000,000 of acres. 

The first estimate includes all the surface covered with water, which 
reaches not far from a million of acres. The census does not include non- 
resident and waste lands. The lands occupied by cities and villages, and 
corporations or roads, or the small freeholds around cities and villages, 
which in the aggregate, occupy an increasing portion of the available lands 
of the State, are not included*. The real quantity of land will be found 
not far from 28,000,000 of acres, and at that quantity it is safe to place 
the. area of the State. 

But the figures and deductions of this report are based upon the quantity 
returned by the census. 

The census area is 41,809 square miles, whereof there are: 

Improved. . , 21,340 square miles. 

Unimproved 21,469 do 

Total 42,809 do 

Eeduced to imperial or federal acres at 640 to the square mile, and we 
have: 

Improved acres 13,657,490 

Unimproved acres .• 13,100,692 

Total acres 26,758,182 

The relative proportion of each is: 

Improved < 51 per cent. 

Unimproved 49 do 

* They amount to about 1,500,000 acres. 



9 

Of the unimproved lands of this State there will ultimately be brought 
into use in the several groups as follows: 

1st group 300,000 acres. 

2d group 200,000 do 

3d group 1,000,000 do 

4th group 2,000,000 do 

5th group 2,500,000 do 

6th group 200,000 do 

Total 6,200,000 do 

Whereof only a small portion will be arable, but most of it must be natu- 
ral pasturage and meadow. Nearly all of the arable land of the State is 
now under cultivation. The proportion which exists between arable and 
grass will be largely in favor of grass lands hereafter. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Surface. — The State lies upon that portion of the Appalachian mountain 
system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills, and 
finally sink to a line of the lowlands that surround the great depression 
filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence river. 

Three distinct ranges or mountain masses enter the State from the south, 
and extend across in a general northeast direction. The first or most east- 
erly of these ranges (a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia) enters 
the State from New Jersey and extends northeasterly through Rockland 
and Orange counties, to the Hudson river, and appears on the east side of 
that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess counties. A 
northerly extension of the same range passes into the Green mountains of 
western Massachusetts and Vermont. This range culminates in the high- 
lands upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above 
tide. The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive 
or igneous, and the mountains themselves are rough, rocky and precipitous, 
and unfit for cultivation. 

The second series of mountains enter the State from Pennsylvania, and 
extend northeast through Sullivan, Ulster and Greene counties, termina- 
ting and culminating in the Catskill mountains, upon the Hudson. The 
highest peaks are 3,000 to 3,800 feet above tide. The Shawangunk moun- 
tains, a high and continuous range extending between Sullivan and Orange 
counties, and into the south part of Ulster, is the extreme east range of 
this series. 

The Helderberg and Hellibash mountains are spurs extending north 
from the main range into Albany and Schoharie counties. This whole moun- 
tain system is principally composed of the rocks of the New York system, 
above the Medina sand-stone. The summits are generally crowned with old 
red sand-stone, and with the conglomerate of the coal measures. The 
declivities are steep and rocky, and a large share of the surface is too 
rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hndson, and from 
their summits are obtained some of the finest views in eastern New York. 

The third series of mountains enters the State from Pennsylvania, 
and extends northeast through Broome, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, 
Montgomery and Herkimer counties, to the Mohawk; appears upon the 
north side of that river, and extends north-east, forming the whole series 
of high lands that occupy the northeast part of the State, and generally 

[T. C. P.] 2 



10 

known as the Adirondack mountain region. South of the Mohawk this 
mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hills, occupying a 
wide space of country. It is broken by deep ravines of the streams, and 
in many places the hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of 
the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connection is 
easily traced at Little Falls, the Noses, and at other places. North of the 
MohaN^-k the high lands extend in several distinct ranges, all terninating 
upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and 
the highest mountain in the State, is Mount Marcy, 5467 feet above tide. 
The rocks of this region are principally of igneous origin, and the moun- 
tains are usually wild, rugged and rocky. A large share of the surface is 
unfit for cultivation, but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an 
excellent variety of iron ore. 

West of these ranges, series of hills, foi-ming spurs of the Alleganies, 
enter the State from Pennsylvania, and occupy the south half of the west 
part of the State. An irregular line, extending throui-h the southerly 
counties, forms the water-shed that separates the northern and southern 
drainage; and from it the surface gradually declines northward until it 
finally terminates in the level of Lake Ontario. 

The portion of the State lying south of this water-shed, and occupying 
the greater part of the two southerly tiers of counties, is entirely occupied 
by these hills. Along the Pennsylvania line they are usually abrupt and 
are separated by narrow ravines, but towards their summits become broader 
and less broken. A considerable portion of the high land region is too 
steep for profitable cultivation, and is best adapted to grazing. 

On the eastei'u border of the State the Taghkanic range of mountains 
extends more or less into the State and gives character to all that portion 
which is not covered by the ranges before mentioned. 

Nearly the whole of the 2d, 3d and 4th groups are covered with moun- 
tains or their foot hills, whose rocks are primary or metamorphic, and the 
character of the rocks afiects the condition of their agriculture. The 5th 
group rests principally upon sedimentary silicious rocks, and the 6th upon 
calcarious, or limestone. 

RIVERS. 

There are two general systems of drainage, viz: North and South. The 
northern pours its accumulated waters into the ocean through the St. Law- 
rence river. The southern system is divided into four basins, drained by 
large rivers, which reach the ocean by dififerent routes. The Hudson river 
reaches the ocean in the bay of New York, flowing south and easterly from 
some of the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, and then south. The Dela- 
ware, which has its rise among the mountains of the second series in Dela- 
ware county, and drains that region, flows southwardly to the ocean 
through the Delaware bay. The Susquehannah, which has its head in the 
Catskill range, in Otsego county, drains the whole region from the hills or 
low mountains of Broome county to the eastern rim of the basin of the 
Genesee, in Steuben and Allegany counties; and the Allegany, running 
westerly into the Ohio, drains the country west of the western rim of the 
valley of the Genesee. 

The Genesee river takes its rise in Pennsylvania, and runs north into Lake 



11 

Ontario. Through the 5th group it drains a narrow basin. In the 6th it 
becomes broader, until after the river passes the falls at Rochester. 

The power furnished by these rivers and their numerous branches is not 
sufficiently constant to warrant the expectation of any large manufacturing 
centres, unless upon those which flow into the basin of the St. Lawrence. 

As the sources of these streams are cleared of their forests, the flow of 
water becomes less regular, and the supply smaller, until it would be fc[uite 
impracticable to depend upon them for a steady motive power. 

The Niagara river and the St. Lawrence furnish a water power which 
can be cheaply utilized, and is practically without limit in extent, dura- 
bility and equable flow. Many of the rivers flowing into Lake Ontario and 
into the St. Lawrence furnish immense hydraulic power, which has only to 
be utilized to become the centres of immense manufacturing towns. 

Still, the facility for reaching the coal fields of Pennsylvania, and the 
inexhaustible supply of fuel which can thus be cheaply furnished, will for a 
long time prevent the occupation of the power that now runs to waste. 
Yet the day must come when any available waterfall will be made the cen- 
tre of a busy manufacturing population. 

This State contains in its soil and climate, its motive power, and the 
facilities for marketing the surplus of its labor, or of procuring the raw 
material for its artisans, the power of becoming the great manufacturing 
centre of the Union. 

Legislation which by any proper means increases these facilities, is 
wisely bestowed. 

COUNTIES OF THE STATE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. 

In a State so diversified as New York in its topography, climate and 
soil, no just idea can be given of the value of its land, the condition of its 
agriculture and the tendency of its population, except by larger geogra- 
phical divisions than those represented in its several counties. Counties 
are only arbitrary creations for municipal or civic purposes; and their 
condition or valuation in regard to other counties must depend upon soil 
and location. Adequate results in regard to the true condition of all the 
counties can only be obtained by generalization. 

To gather facts relative to the various industries of the sixty counties of 
the State, and to compare those facts and draw proper conclusions, requires 
an amount of labor that few care to bestow upon the subject. But if these 
several counties were grouped into appropriate divisions, the task would 
be easy of accomplishment. 

For civil polity we have tliem grouped into congressional, senatorial and 
judicial districts. It is equally important for the purposes of a proper repre- 
sentation of the condition of their agricultural and other industrial pursuits. 

In grouping these, reference should be had to their topography, similarity 
of soil, climate, and peculiarities of cultivation, as well as the means for 
concentrating a large population, the proximity of a market, and the facili- 
ties for reaching it from all parts of the territory. 

A part of the State's surface is mountainous, another part is traversed 
by short* ranges of mountains, and is broken into hill and dale; another is 
simply rolling or hilly, abounding in hills of moderate elevation, crowned 
with narrow plateaus, and divided by deep and narrow valleys. Still another 



12 

is comparatively a broad level tract, nearly resembliug an open champaign 
country. The soil is as various as the topography, for while a part is fer- 
tile and abounds in the elements of perpetual fertility and the profitable 
cultivation of grain, other portions are comparatively sterile, and can only 
be used for the production of grass. 

The grouping, then, has brought^those counties together which most re- 
semble each other in their general features and in their system of agricul- 
ture. And although they are not completely accurate in their outline, inas- 
much as counties could not be divided, yet for all practical uses the divi- 
sions will be found sufiSciently accurate to serve the purpose designed. 

GROUPS. 

The divisions or groups are named as follows: 

I. Atlantic or Long Island. 

II. Eastern counties or Hudson river. 

III. Catskill or South Highlands. 

IV. St. Lawrence or North Highlands. 

V. Central and Southwestern or dairy counties. 

VI. Ontario Lake or Wheat. 

Fird Group. — The first group contains the island of Manhattan, Long 
Island and Staten Island, and the small adjacent islands, and includes the 
city and county ot New York, and the counties of Kings, Queens, Suffolk 
and Richmond — 5. 

Second Group. — The second group contains the counties of Westchester, 
Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington — 6. 

Third Group. — The third group contains the counties of Rockland, 
Orange, Ulster, Greene, Albany, Schenectady, Montgomery, Schoharie, 
Otsego, Delaware, Sullivan — 11. 

Fourth Group. — The fourth group contains the countiesof Saratoga, War- 
ren, Essex, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Hamilton and Ful- 
ton— 9. 

Fifth Group. — The fifth group contains the counties of Jefferson, Lewis, 
Oswego, Oneida, Madison, Cortland, Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, Tioga, 
Broome, Chenango, Steuben, Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie 
and Wyoming — 18. 

Sixth Group. — The sixth group contains the counties of Onondaga, 
Cayuga, Wayne, Seneca, Ontario, Yates, Livingston, Monroe, Orleans, 
Genesee and Niagara — 11. 

The proportion of each group to aggregate general area of State, and to 
aggregate of improved area, is 

General aggregate. General aggregate improved. 

1 3 per cent 2 per cent. 

II 9 do 12 do 

III 16 do ; 18 do 

IV 24 do 13 do 

V .*.... 35 do 36 do 

VI 13 do 19 do 

100 100 

The accompanying map of the State indicates at a glance the outline of 
the several groups. 



13 



CHAPTER II. 

Markets, resources in Soil and Sub-soil — Mines and Agriculture — Surplus of Each — Affected by 
Markets — Taxation must not take Capital — Commeice, Manufactures, Agriculture, index of 
Resources — Commerce and Manufactures Build and Sustain Towns — Peace and Quiet — No 
Rivals to Agriculture — Value of Lands depend upon Markets — Local Markets — General Con- 
sumption — 1st Group, 2d Group, 3d Group, 4th Group, 6th Group, 6th Group — Facilities 
for Reaching Markets — Two Classes — Highway — Railroads — Canals — Average Highways in 
Groups — Commercial Routes — Kinds — Miles in Groups — Benefits of Commercial Routes — 
Towns — Cities — Farms. 

Markets, and Facilities for Reaching. 

The resources of a State are in its soil or subsoil, its agriculture and 
mines, and in intelligent labor to develop them. 

The wealth is the surplus products of the one and the gross products of 
the other. 

This surplus is increased or diminished by the facilities furnished for a 
cheap and easy transit of the products whereby profits accumulate in the 
hands of the producers. The proximity of markets stimulates production, 
and accumulates profits, which accumulation is tlie measure of a people's 
capacity to bear taxation. 

No system of taxation can long survive, which not only absorbs profits, 
but trenches upon capital, for when it reaches that point repudiation in 
some form, or ruin is sure to follow. 

The condition of its agriculture, manufactures and commerce, is an index 
to the prosperity of a State or nation. If its agriculture be unsatisfactory, 
its manufactures will be feeble, and upon the condition of its agriculture 
and manufactures depends that of its commerce. 

Commerce builds towns, but they are sustained only by successful man- 
ufacturing, and a surrounding and vigorous agriculture. 

A vigorous agriculture can be maintained only by successful manufac- 
turing centres, easy of access for its surplus products, and commerce as- 
sumes proportions of magnitude only when the surplus of the two indus- 
tries are large and require increased capital and skill in their exchange. 

But the three are the offsprings of liberty, order and peace, and these 
prime conditions must be conserved or their success is not possible. There- 
fore the rigorous enforcement of those laws which protect the one, enforce 
the other and preserve the last, so that all industry is sure of the enjoy- 
ment of its products, is the most important duty of the government, and 
its prosperit)'' depends upon the faithful discharge of that duty. 

Many have looked upon commerce and manufactures as rivals to agri- 
culture, and that any legislative action which helped to develope either the 
one or the other, was so much done at the expense of agriculture. The 
idea is erroneous and hurtful to agriculture, especially so in this State, 
whose prosperity depends so much upon commerce and manufactures. The 
distinction between agriculture and manufactures is essentially false. 

To bring land into cultivation is a manufacture ; no man is more of a 
manufacturer than the farmer. The transport, sale and purchase of agri- 
cultural produce, is trade, perfected in commerce. But this kind of manu- 
factures and commerce being of prime necessity it can dispense a little 



14 

more with skill and capital than the others, still they remain in a state of 
infancy. Yet when these two powerful aids are supplied all become vastly 
more productive. 

There can be no profitable agriculture without profitable manufactures, 
for commerce and manufactures can alone abundantly provide agricultui'e 
with the two most powerful agents of production which exist, viz., markets 
and capital. 

To form, then, a proper estimate of the value of farm lands and of real 
estate generally, as well as the prospect of accumulating capital or per- 
sonal property by all classes, we must consider what is the prospect of 
markets, that is to say, the sale of agricultural products to a population 
not contributing to produce them, and the means of communication between 
the consumer and the producer. 

LOCAL MARKETS. 

It is to be regretted that ample time and a sufficient clerical force could 
not be had whereby the vast amount of facts in regard to the detail of 
manufacturing in the several counties and groups might have been properly 
digested and tabulated, and these reports will only be perfected when those 
facts are properly vitalized. The aggregates are tabulated in table D of 
the appendix. 

It may be premised generally that, with the exception of butter and 
cheese, the population, resident and transient, of the State, consumes more 
than all the surplus products of its agriculture, and is dependent upon the 
surrounding States for the balance consumed. A brief description of the 
market prospects in the different groups may not be inappropriate. 

Commencing with the first division or group, New York city, and the 
city of Brooklyn are the great and absorbing markets of the State as well 
as of the continent, and they contain all the elements for constantly increas- 
ing demand or consumption, because they are successful manufacturing 
and commercial towns. 

It is truly estimated that not less than two millions of people, resident 
and transient, are fed daily from New York as a common market centre. 
The examination of its annual consumption of butchers' meat establishes 
this fact. Manufacturing is on the increase in all the counties of this 
group. 

In the second group, as far up as White Plains in Westchester county, 
it may be considered as a suburb of New York city. Peekskill is a large 
anal thriving manufacturing town, and derives much of its importance from 
its iron establishments. Cold Spring, in Putnam county, is an important 
iron manufacturing point. Fishkill, Ptmghkeepsie, and numerous other 
points in Dutchess county. Hudson, Troy, and numerous other points 
along the river and inland upon the railroads or near them are rapidly 
increasing in population, from the concentration of commercial and manu- 
facturing capital. 

In the third group, Nyack, Newburgh, Rondout, Catskill, and Albany, 
on the Hudson river, Cohoes, on the Mohawk, Schenectady and Amsterdam, 
are important manufacturing towns. Otsego county has several factories 
of textile fabrics, which will be increased, and in Ulster, Delaware and 



16 

Sullivan, are also extensive manufactories, which may ultimately grow into 
consuming centres of importance. 

The fourth group has manufactories in Saratoga, Herkimer, Fulton, St. 
Lawrence, Franklin and Clinton, but not extensive, nor are they likely to 
increase to such an extent as to materially affect the procuction in their 
neighborhood, nor are the resources of the soil such as to sustain at any 
point a very dense population. Its mineral resources may ultimately insure 
markets. 

In many parts of the fifth group there are already manufacturing centres 
of importance. Buffalo and Oswego are commercial as well as important 
manufacturing towns. Watertown, Utica, Oriskany and vicinity, Elmira, 
Ithaca, Jamestown, Corning, Hornellsville, Olean, and numerous other 
towns, have elements for future important manufacturing centres. Indeed, 
this whole group must ultimately contain a large aggregate consuming 
population. 

Nearly all the public avenues leading from this State to the vast coal 
fields of Pennsylvania are through this group; and it is for the present and 
future prosperity of our State that such avenues be multiplied wherever 
practicable, for upon cheap fuel rests the wealth of our future population. 

These coal mines are of far more importance to us than the gold mines of 
California. A people who can command cheap fuel and unlimited iron 
mines, not only makes the richest placers tributary, but levies a tax upon 
the industries of the world. With judicious legislation we can command 
the one ; we already possess the other. 

The sixth group is almost a succession of cities and villages. Rochester, 
Auburn and Syracuse are manufacturing centres, rapidlj^ extending; but 
at Niagara Falls, at Lockport, Medina, Seneca Falls, exists a motive power 
already used to some extent, but capable of immense enlargement, and at 
no distant day each will become an important consuming centre; but there 
are numerous villages continually expanding, so that at this time 
it is doubtful if the surplus products of the adjacent land, except in wheat 
and fruit, in the aggregate, are adequate for the supply of the non-produc- 
ing population. 

When it is considered that in this State, of the aggregate population, 
only about thirty-five per cent, is rural or producing, it may be readily 
inferred that there must exist somewhere markets for the surplus product 
of their agriculture. 

FACILITIES OP TRANSPORTATION. 

The means for inter-communication of persons and property maybe divided 
into two classes: 1st, local, as the public highways of the State; or 2d, 
general, as railroads, canals, or other navigable waters. The one is local 
in its uses and benefits; the other general, and principally used for the 
furtherance of commercial enterprises. 

The extent and condition of these two classes of public conveyance are 
an index to the prosperity of the country. 

1st. local or public highways. 
The aggregate of highways average 1^ mile to a square mile of surface, 
but vary in the different groups, thus: 



16 

1st group: 2 miles of highway to 1 square mile. 
2d do 2^ do do 1 do 

3d do 1 do do 4 do 

4th do 1 do do 10 do 

5th do 1 do do 2 do 

6th do 3 do do 1 do 

The system for keeping these roads or highways in repair is very de- 
fective, and a vast amount of labor is annually worse than wasted upon 
thera. Still at most seasons, when their use is necessary, they are in suffi- 
cient repair to answer their purposes and furnish easy access to the adjoin- 
ing markets. 

2d. general or commercial routes. 
Excluding the shore lines of lakes Ontario and Erie, and of the waters 
around Long and Staten islands, the whole aggregate length of these routes 
are: 

Miles. 

Railroads 2, 743 

Eivers and lakes 353 

Canals 916 

Total miles 4,012 



The average square miles of area to one mile of route, is eleven square 
miles of surface to one mile of route. 

But the aggregate proportion varies largely in different groups, though 
the Hudson river is counted in both the second and third groups as an inde- 
pendent route in each. The aggregate of routes and average square 
miles is: 

1st group: 1 mile of route to 8 square miles of surface. 

2d do 1 do 5.5 do do 

3d do 1 do 12* do do 

4th do 1 do 19 do do 

5th do 1 do 11 do do 

6th do 1 do 6 do do 

When it is considered that the East river and the ocean, and numerous 
creeks and bays surround Long Island, and render all parts of it easily 
accessable to water carriage, it will be found that the proportion of route 
to square miles of surface is much larger than in any other group, though 
nominally the third in the list. 

But these great commercial routes are the means of furnishing local mar- 
kets to the farmers along their several lines, aside from the facilities of 
reaching distant markets with the surplus not there consumed. Upwards 
of thirty-five millions of dollars are annually collected from the operations 
of the roads, canals, lakes and rivers. Only a small percentage of this sum 
goes to repay or replenish capital. The balance finds its way ultimately 
to the hands of the farmers for the necessaries of life, thus creating a con- 
stant market for their surplus products. And these local markets are con- 
tinually enlarging and improving, as the internal commercial interest 
flourishes. 

Along all these routes are thriving villages or cities, human ant hills of 
artizans and their dependents, who rely upon their daily wages for their 

* This includes 120 miles of river route. 



17 

daily food. What becomes of these wages ? Do they not go in the first 
place to pay for bread, meat, milk, butter, cheese, which are directly sup- 
plied by agriculture along the routes. Consequently there exists a con- 
stant demand for productions which our own agriculture can hardly satisfy, 
and which is for her, to some extent, an unlimited source of profit. The 
power of these outlets is felt all over the country, giving value to the farm 
lands in nearly every section of the State. 

The evidence of the prosperity of these villages and cities is found in 
the fact that not only their aggregate valuation is now fully equal to all 
the lands of the State, but that each year sees this valuation rapidly in- 
creasing, while that of the farm lands remain stationary, or increasing so 
slowly as scarcely to be perceptible. 

The census and assessment rolls are not sufficiently specific in regard to 
the detail of village freeholds. Hereafter it should be shown how much 
of the real estate of the country is held and occupied in less quantities 
than ten acres; that quantity being fixed as the maximum of a village lot. 

It is only by this means that any reliable data can be obtained for a ju- 
dicious equalization of values among the difiierent counties. 



[T. 0. P.] 



18 



CHAPTER III. 

Population— Classified— ^City— Village— Rural— Proportion of Each— Density of— Estimated by 
, Improved Square Miles to City — Village — Rural — Population to Square Mile — To ipaproved 
Land — City to Square Mile — Village do — Rural do — Value of Real Estate depends on Condi- 
tion of Towns — Population an index of Value — Rural Population reached Maximum — Distri- 
; bntion of Improved Land — Terms Defined — Pastures — Meadow Grains — White Straw Crops — 
Fodder Crops — Roots — Commercial Crops — Proportions — Tillage Crops — Acreable Yield — 
Value of Vegetable Crops — Totals — Farmers sell Straw — Bad Practice — Animals — Kinds — 
Proportions — Horses estimated in Cities — Animal Products— Consumption of Beef — Value of 
Animal Products — Recapitulation of Values — Sum Added — Acreable Value — Per ct.of CapitaL 

Population, Distribution of Improved Land in Grass, Grain, 

AND OTHER CrOPS— QUANTITY. 

POPULATION. 

.: By the United States census of 1860, the State contained a population 
of 3,880,947. After deducting the population of the several cities, and 
estimating the village and rural population upon the basis partly furnished 
by the State census of 1855, and upon actual numbers, fuimished in some 
instances by the U. S. census, of village population, the inhabitants may 
be classified in numbers as : 

City populations 1,451,288 

Village do 1,105,615 

Rural do 1,354,144 

Total 3,881,047 

The proportion of each to the other is : 

City 37 per cent. 

Village 28 do 

Rural 35 do 

DENSITY OF POPULATION. 

In arriving at the density of population on a given surface or country, 
it is usual to estimate the gross population by the aggregate of square 
miles of surface. 

This does not properly show the condition or productive power of the 
soil, because in most countries, more or less of the surface is waste, pr so 
occupied as not to be productive, either in its soil or sub-soil, though the 
lands thus occupied may have a marketable value far beyond the surface 
of the surrounding country. 

This is the condition of real estate used for cities or villages, and hence 
the surface thus occupied should be deducted from the general aggregate, 
and as the unimproved lands are unoccupied and unproductive, they should 
be subtracted also, and the rural population estimated upon the improved 
lands in their occupation. 

There are thirteen incorporated cities, including Poughkeepsie, whose 
aggregate area, including their suburbs, is 100,000 acres, or 156 square 
miles. 

There are 2,000 villages also, occupying an average of a square mile 
each, which would give 2,000 square miles, or 1,280,000 acres. 

The distribution of the improved land among the different classes of 
population would be : 



19 

Rural population ji!>, ai'Ssquare mjres. 

Village do 2,000 do 

City do ;... 156 do 

Total square miles 21,339 

Aggregate population to total area is 91 inhabitants to the square mile. 

Aggregate of improved laud to total population is one square mile to 
181 inhabitants. 

City population to aggregate of city area is 9,041 inhabitants to 1 square 
mile, New York averaging 38,609, and Buffalo, 2,250 inhabitants to the 
square mile.* Village population averages 553 persons to the square 
mile. 

The rural population averages 10 persons to the square mile. 

In fixing valuations regard must be had to the density of population in 
the different groups, or in the vai'ious counties of the groups, and these 
values will be varied by the condition of the population, whether, 1st com- 
mercial, 2d combining manufacturing and commerce, or 3d simply manu- 
facturing. 

Property, real and personal, will bear a higher proportional value. 

1st. In towns combining manufacturing and conimerce. 

2d. Towns principally engaged in commerce. 

3d. Towns whose population are principally engaged in manufacturing. 

Rural population in given localities should be valued by the average 
population to the square mile of improved land. Population will be found 
among the best means of arriving at the power of a given locality to bear 
its burthen of taxes. Other things being equal, wealth follows population. 

The tendency of population in this State is to concentration, and each 
decade will find the proportion between urban, suburban, and I'ural grow- 
ing larger with an accelerated ratio. 

The rural population reached its maximum density prior to the year 
1850, and has been steadily decreasing since. The increase of pouulation 
is due entirely to manufactures and commerce. 

DISTRIBUTION OF IMPROVED LAND. 

Of the terms used, ^'improved land" means all land enclosed and capa- 
ble of useful occupation for agricultural production. " Arable" is applied 
to all land which can be worked with the plow. " Tillage or tillable" means 
all land under the plow, or that is in crops which follow it. 

In classifying the land in tillage, the term " white straw crops" is used, 
because in many localities these crops are grown not only for the grain, 
but the straw furnishes a more valuable marketable product than the grain, 
and is therefore sold from the farm. " Fodder crops" is applied to those 
crops which are principally used for animal food, and whose straw is always 
consumed upon the farm. " Root crops" is applied to both potatoes and 
turnips, though the latter, properly speaking, is the root crop. 

" Commercial crops" are all those crops specially grown for traffic. 

The improved land in agricultur?! €;inpioyment is estimated by the farm- 
ers occupying it, and aggregated in the census of this State for 1855, at 
13,651,490 acres, viz. : 

*. Buffalo has »a area of over 23,000 »«r«8j New ¥ork of 14,000 acres. 



20 

Pasture acres 4,948,114 

Meadow acres 3,384,440 

Total in grass 8,332, 554 

The proportion is : 

Pasture 36 per cent. 

Meadow 25 do 

Total 61 do 

The proportion, then is, 61 acres of every 100 of the improved land is 
in grass, viz : 36 acres in pasture, and 25 acres in meadow. 

Spring wheat, acres 194,346 

Winter, do 611,141 

Oats, acres 1,349,384 

Rye, acres 281,714 

Barley, acres • 212,608 

Total white straw crops 2,649,193 

The proportion of each crop to the acre in tillage is : 

Spring wheat 4.7 per cent. 

Winter wheat 15 do 

Oats 33 do 

Rye 7 do 

Barley 5 do 

Total per cent, of white straw crops 64.7 do 

Buckwheat, acres 293,253 

Indian corn, acres 817,601 

Peas, acres 48,154 

Beans, acres • 16,917 

Total in fodder crops 1,175,905 

The proportion that each crop bears to the tillage acre is: 

Buckwheat 7 per cent. 

Corn 20 do 

Peas 1 do 

Beans 4 do 

Total in fodder crops 28.4 do 

Potatoes, acres 220,575 

Turnipsj acres 7, 578 

Total in root crops 228,153 

The proportions are: 

Potatoes 5.4 per cent. 

Turnips 0.2 do 

Total in root crops 5.6 do 

Flax, acres 11,764 

Hops, acres 9,481 

Tobacco, acres. . . ■ 786 

Market gardens, acres 8,945 

Total commercial crops 30,976 

The proportion of each crop Is: 

Flax 00.3 

Hops 00.2 

Tobacco 00.02 

Market gardens. 00.2 

Total in commercial crops . , 00.72 



21 

Eecapitulation of percentages of land in tillage: 

Spring wheat 4.7 

Winter wheat 15 

Oats 33 

Rye 7 

Barley 5 

Buckwheat 7 

Corn 20 

Peas 1 

Beans 00.4 

Potatoes 5.4 

Turnips 00.2 

Flax 00.3 

Hops 00.2 

Tobacco 00.02 

Market gardens 00.2 

Miscellaneous 00.6 



100.0 



DISTRIBUTION OF TILLAGE CROPS. 

Quantity and acreable average including meadows: 

Spring wheat, bushels 2,033,353 per acre bush. 11 

Winter do do 7,059,049 do 12 

Oats, do 27,015,296 do 20 

Rye, do 3,039,438 do 10 

Barley, do 3,563,540 do 17 

Buckwheat, do 2,481,079 do 8 

Indiancorn, do 19,290,691 do 23 

Peas, do 705,976 do 15 

Beans, do 244,079 do 16 

Potatoes, do 15,191,852 do 69 

Turnips, do 985,522 do 130 

Flaxseed, do 87,093 do 8 

Lint, lbs 4,907,566 per acre lbs. 445 

Hops, lbs 7,192,254 do 758 

Tobacco, lbs 946,502 do 1,204 

Market gardens, value of product $1,138,680 value per acre, $127 

Hay, tons 3,256,448 per acre tons, 1 

Grass seed, bushels 120,866 1 bushel to 28 acres. 

VALUE OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

Spring wheat $2, 541,691 

Winter wheat 8,823,811 

Oats ,. 10,536,965 

Rye 2,431, 550 

Barley 2,850,832 

Total value of white straw grain $27,184,849 

Buckwheat $1,240,539 

Indian com 15,432,753 

Peas 564,774 

Beans 488,158 

Total value of fodder crops $17,726,224 

Potatoes $3,797,963 

Turnips 98,552 

Total value of root crops $3,896,515 

Flaxseed $130,640 

Flax lint 490,756 

Hops 719,225 

Tobacco 94,650 

Market gardens 1,138,680 

Total valae o£ (ommercial crops $2, 573,951 



22 

EJECAPITULATION, 

Total value of white straw crops $27,184,849 

do fodder do 17,726,224 

do root ^ do .jii ......; ...:;;.;;:.. 3,896,6i5 

do commercial do .J.'."1J..'.'.'.»..'.[." .".*.".■.. 2,573,951 

Total value of tillage crops $51,381,639 

Value of meadow product ..1. ...... .. 26,297,316 

Value of orchard product. ...... ...^...'.. l'....i..^... 1,642,522 

Total value of annual vegetable product $79,321,477 

The average annual value of the vegetable product is $Q per acre for all 
the improved acres. 

It is the practice among farmers of the first and second groups, and along 
the river in the third, to sell not only their hay, but their straw also, as in 
many cases the value of the straw exceeds the value of the grain it pro- 
duced. This adds largely to the apparent gains of their districts. When 
its place is not supplied with the manure it should have produced, the land 
suffers ultimately to an extent which makes the real profits of a series of 
years largely in favor of the farmer who consumes all his straw and hay 
upon his farm, and seeks his surplus in the animals, which reduce it to 
manure. 

There are no lands in this State that will not rapidly deteriorate in value 
for agricultural purposes when annual crops are taken and no manure re- 
turned. 

The prices assumed in calculating values were those current the year 
the census was taken. The same rule has. been adopted in regard to animal 
products. 

ANIMALS THEIR NUMBER. 

Total head of neat cattle , 2,105,465 

Under one year old •.".• .... 311,174 

Over one year old, exclusive of working oxen ard cows. • . 677,887 

Working oxen 144,597 

Cows 1,068,427 

Cattle killed for beef 225,338 

Horses 579,715 

Mules 2, 254 

Sheep ;....;...... 3,217,024 

Sheep shorn '. 2,630,207 

Reduced to cattle seven to one 459, 575 

Total cattle or their equivalent 3,147,004 

Swine under six months 530,176 - 

Swine over six months 539,616 

Total swine 1,069,792 



Total value of live stock per census, $103,716,053. 

The average value of stock per acre of improved land, is $7.60. 

RELATION OF LAND TO ANIMALS, AND ANIMALS CLASSED TO AGGREGATES. 

The average of animals, reduced to neat cattle, to the aggregate acres 

of improved land is 1 to 4.3 acres. 

Total neat cattle 1 to 6.5 do 

Working oxen 1 to 94 do 

Cows 1 to 12 do 

Horses 1 to 24 do 

Mules 1 to 6,050 do 

Sheep f.,.lto 4 do 



^3 

The relative proportion of classes to ag-gregates are : 

C/attle Under one year V ;..;.;. 14 per cent. 

Cattle over one year .'. i 27 do 

Oxen 6 do 

Cows w 50 do 

Sheep not shorn 18 do 

Average weight of fleece, 3J pounds. 

One beef killed to seventeen inhabitants. 

As large numbers of horses are used by the city and village population, 
the above proportion does not properly express their relation to the im- 
proved land. The fourth group has comparatively few villages and no 
cities or large towns. Its inhabitants are more exclusively rural than any 
other group. The proportion of horses to inhabitants will approximate the 
number used for agricultural purposes by the rural inhabitants in other 
groups. 

In this district, then, there is only one horse to five persons. The ave- 
rage for the whole State is one to six. The proportion in the city of New 
York, which is exclusively urban in its population, was one to forty-four. 
Taking that number as applying to all the cities and villages, and it would 
be safe to estimate the number of horses of all ages kept upon the farm, as 
averaging one to 2.1 rural population, or one to twenty-seven acres of im- 
proved land. 

ANNUAL ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

Wool, lbs 9,231,959 

Butter, lbs 91,293,073 

Cheese 33,944,249 

Milk sold, gals 20,965,861 

Swine sold over 6 months 539,616 

25 per cent of sheep 804,256 

30 do cattle over 1 year 173,366 

5 do horses 25,000 

Cattle kUled for beef 225,338 

The annual consumption of beef by all the inhabitants of this State will 
average four ounces per head per day, or one and a-half pounds per family 
per day. There were in 1855, 632,146 families. This would make the daily 
consumption average 949,119 lbs., which at 100 lbs. dead weight of animal, 
would be equal to an annual consumption of 494,220 head of cattle. We 
may, therefore, safely estimate the cattle killed for beef, as from the State, 
or that the number is equal to that surplus. 

VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

Wool $3, 692,783 

Butter 13,694,961 

Cheese 3,394,424 

Milk sold 1,676,269 

Swine 5,396,160 

Sheep 1,608,512 

Cattle 3,467,320 

Horses 750,000 

Cattle killed for beef 4,506,760 

Poultry and eggs sold 2,437,271 

Total value $40,624,460 

Recapitulation. 

Annual value of vegetable products $79,321,477 

Annual value of animal products 40,624,460 

Total valae of animals and vegetable products. • . $119,955,937 



24 

If to this sum be added for the annual consumption of animal and vege- 
table products by the rural population not enumerated in the census, at 
least $10 per head, making an aggregate of $13,500,000, we have a grand 
total of $133,455,931 as the product of agriculture annually. 

Allowing that one-half should go for cost of production, and the other 

half to capital, and we have for each half — 

Cost of production $66,727,969 

Tocapital 66,727,968 

Total values of products $133,455,937 

The gross annual average product for the improved land would be $9. It 
per acre, giving to the farmer for the labor and cost of production $4.88 
per acre, and to his capital, $4.88 per acre also. This would indicate an 
average fixed capital employed in agriculture of $70 per acre for all the 
improved land. 

The census makes the capital thus employed equal to an average of 
$67.57 per acre. 

The average capital of $70 per acre is thus divided, viz: 

Land 86 per cent. 

Stock 11 do 

Tools, etc 3 do 

100 



25 



CHAPTER IV. 

Valuations — Real Estate — How Obtained — Erie County given as a Specimen — New York city 
Valued — Cities Valued — Aggregates — Unimproved land Valued — How — Average value of 
Land — Personal Estate — DifEcult to Analyze — Aggregates — Insurance Risks — Aggregate 
Real and Personal — Insurance Department gather Statistics — Agriculture, detailed in 
Groups — General — Farming improved in Five Years — Manure Increased — Dairy Tendency — 
Animal and Vegetable Produce — One must Exceed the Other — Competition of other States — 
Improvement of Farms Necessary — Different Crops — Vineyards. 

Value of Real and Personal Estate. 

KEAL ESTATE. 

The plan adopted in making the valuation of real estate in table I of the 
general appendix, was first to classify the farm lands by dividing them 
into first, second and thii'd class, according to their productiveness or 
location. Each county was then examined by townships, and the several 
townships classified, and then the lands were valued and classified in each 
town, and the aggregate produced the results arrived at in the column of 
acreable valuation for farm lands in table I of the general appendix. 
Eeal estate of cities was also analyzed by area and lots, and valued in 
classes, and the aggregate gave the average value per lot. Real estate of 
villages and corporations was estimated by the koown value of certain 
villages, and the corporations, mostly railroads, either by their returns or 
by the miles in a given county. 

During the five years that the State Assessors have been acting, con- 
stant efforts have been made to induce the boards of supervisors to adopt 
the plan of separating the village fr(5m the other real estate, but except in 
a very few instances, without success. Generally they have contented 
themselves with complaining of our valuations of their counties, but have 
done nothing to prove valuation erroneous. 

The valuations of the county of Erie and of the city of Buffalo are given 
below, that a proper idea may be formed of the manner wherein the several 
valuations were achieved and the basis adopted by the writer: 

EEIE COUNTY. 
NORTH TOWNS. 

CLASS ONE. 

Towns. Classification of farm lands in Acres. Aggregate Val. per 

towns. value. acre. 

Amherst 1-8 1, 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,608 $1,226,692 $36 50 

Clarence 1-8 1, 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,637 1,227,690 36 50 

Newstead 2-8 1, 3-8 2, 2-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,765 1,350,600 40 00 

CLASS TWO. 

Alden 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 20,833 651,030 3125 

Cheektowaga 4-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 18,710 631,462 33 75 

Grand Island 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 18,600 581,250 3125 

Lancaster 4-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 23,531 888,291 33 75 

Marilla 4-8 2, 2-8 3, 2-8 4, 17,208 659,260 32 50 

CLASS THREE. 

Tonawanda 2-8 2, 2-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 12,555 332,707 26 50 

SOUTH TOWNS. 

CLASS TWO. 

Aurora 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 23,600 

E.Hamburgh 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 24,788 

Elma 2-8 2, 4-8 3, 2-8 4, 21,390 

Hamburgh 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 25,731. 

W. Seneca 4-8 2, 4-8 3,' 17,564 

[T. C. P.] 4 



743,400 


31 25 


780,822 


31 25 


673,770 


31 25 


810,526 


31 25 


614,635 


35 00 



26 

CLASS THREE. 

Boston 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 22,730 568,250 25 00 

Collins 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 29,496 737,400 25 00 

Eden 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 6, 26,265 631,625 25 00 

N.Collins 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 26,815 670,375 26 00 

Sardinia 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 31,937 798,426 26 00 

Wales 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 22,600 566,000 25 00 

CLASS POTTRTH. 

Brant 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 14,555 264,713 17 50 

Colden 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 6, 22,704 397,320 17 50 

Concord 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 44,734 782,445 17 50 

Evans 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 25,481 445,917 17 50 

Holland 1-8 3, 3-8 4, 4-8 5, 22,934 372,677 16 25 



Total $17,296, 302 



Aggregate value per acre for county $28 17 

Aggregate value per acre for north towns 35 22 

Aggregate value per acre for south towns , 24 27 

Value of classes per acre: 

Class 1 $60 00 

do 2 40 00 

do 3 30 00 

do 4 20 00 

do 5 10 00 

Value of City and Village, and Corporation Real Estate in 

SAID County. 

THE CITY OF BUFFALO. 

This city contains within its corporate limits an area of 23,8*14 acres. 
Included in streets, squares, docks, basins, and untaxable, 3,000; leaving 
for purposes of improvement and tax'ation, 20,814 acres. 

The usual rule adopted in laying off city lots is to allow twelve feet to 

the acre, when the streets have not been deducted, or 2,500 square feet for 

each lot. Assuming then twelve lots to the acre, would make the city 

contain 250,488 lots. 

One-eighth worth $500 per lot $15,780,500 

One-eighth worth $300 per lot 9,468,300 

One-eighth worth $200 per lot 6,312,200 

One-fourth worth $100 per lot 6,312,200 

One-fourth worth $50 per lot 3,156,100 

One-eighth worth $25 per lot 789,160 

Aggregate value of real estate of city $41,818,450 

Value of village real estate in different towns in county, 

not reckoned in farm lands 6,000,000 

Aggregate value of real estate of city, villages and 
corporation $47,818,450 

JRecapitulation. 

Value of real estate in city of Buffalo $41,818,460 

Value of real estate in villages 6,000,000 

Value of real estate in farm lands 17,296,302 

Aggregate value of real estate in Erie county $65,114,752 

If boards of supervisors would adopt the same plan in analyzing and 
valuing the real estate of their several counties, the trouble of equalizing 
would be much abridged. 

REAL ESTATE. 

The city and county of New York is embraced within the limits of the 



2*7 

corporation of the city of New York. • It has upon its assessment roll of 
real estate 134,483 lots. 

In analyzing- their value in order to arrive at an average per lot, and 
thus at the full value of the real estate of the city, they are divided into 
eighths, and the average value of the lots in each division fixed as fqllows, 
i=16,685 lots, viz: 

One-eighth $20,000 

One-eighth 10,000 

One-eighth 5,000 

One-eighth 3,000 

One-eighth 2,000 

One-eighth • 1,000 

One-fourth 600 

Average, $5,194 per lot, or say $5,200. 
Aggregate value of city lots, $699,311,600. 

The value of all the incorporated city real estate of the State is : 

New York $699,311,600 

Brooklyn 100,000,000 

Buffalo 50,000,000 

Albany 25,000,000 

Troy 15,000,000 

Rochester 15,000,000 

Syracuse 12,000,000 

Utica - 5,000,000 

Auburn 4,000,000 

Poughkeepsie 3,000,000 

Hudson 2,000,000 

Oswego! 2,000,000 

Schenectady 1,000,000 

Aggregate value of city real estate $933,311,600 

Aggregate value of village and corporation real estate, 150,000,000 

Aggregate value of farm lands improved 956,054,300 

Aggregate value of unimproved land 130,000,000 

Total real estate $2,169,365,900 



In the foregoing aggregate, farm lands are estimated only on the im- 
proved land, and at an average of $70.00 per acre. The unimproved lands 
are estimated as follows: 

One-eighth $30 00 per acre. 

One-eighth. 20 00 do 

One-eighth 16 00 do 

One-eighth 10 00 do 

One-eighth 5 00 do 

Three-eighths 100 do 

Average of the $13,000,000 of unimproved land $10.00 per acre, or of all 
the land of the State unimproved and improved at $40.00 per acre. 

It will be observed that the aggregate value of the real estate of the 
cities, villages and corporations, equals the value of all the lands of the 
State, improved and unimproved. 

PERSONAL ESTATE. 

The aggregate of the personal property cannot be analyzed as the real 
estate has been, owing to the defective condition of our statistics. Still, 
with the dim lights which are furnished, we may approximate a total that 
will serve to convey some idea, though slight, of the vast amount of per- 
sonal wealth in the hands of our citizens which is realized capital, or in 
process of conversion thereto. 

The aggregate personal property returned by the local or town and ward 
assessors for 1862 was $313,802,682.00. Of this sum $107,556,664 was 
bank capital. There should be added for insurance capital taxed $20,432,- 



28 

860, making of aggregated capftal $121,989,524, which leaves only 
$115,813,158 in the hands of individuals. By referring to table of the 
general appendix it will be seen that this can only represent a small por- 
tion of the personal property of the people. 

The report of the Superintendent of the Insurance Department shows 
that the whole amount of fire risks taken by foreign and domestic insurance 
companies in this State for the year 1862, was $1,129,988,511. 

That the amount of fire risks on the first of December, 1862, having less 
than a year to run was $1,280,239,044. Estimating by the amount of risks 
that have a year or more to run, we can safely calculate that $200,000,000 
will cover all the fire risks upon fixtures which properly belong to the 
realty, leaving, therefore, the sum of over $1,500,000,000, as representing 
the personal property covered by insurance. But as all the personal prop, 
erty is not covered by insurance, and as only about two-thirds of the value 
of that insured is covered by tlie policy, it follows that the aggregate value 
of the personal property in this State must equal the value of the real 
estate. 

If we aggregate the two we shall have , 

Real estate $2,169,365,900 

Personal 2,169,365,900 

Total personal and real $4,338,731,800 

The data are thus given whereby this aggregate has been attained. 
Others can judge of their accuracy. One thing in regard thereto is cer- 
tain, viz: that the value of personal property in this State fully equals 
that of the real estate. 

Much valuable information on this subject might be gathered through 
the insurance department if all companies were compelled to so classify 
their returns as to show how much was insured on buildings, boats or ves- 
sels, on cargo, on merchandise in building, on grain, or generally on vege- 
table and animal products. Then again to classify the buildings so as to 
show for what purpose they were occupied. 

With comparatively small labor a vast amount of statistical detail could 
be gathered of great use in regard to personal property. 

The facility wherewith this species of property may be concealed from 
the assessor, requires the detail of all kinds of business to be more minute 
than in regard to real estate, to avoid undue inquisition into the private 
financial condition of the tax -payer on the one hand, or an undue leniency 
on the other. 

By means of a proper system of detail in making the assessment, per- 
sonal property can be reached and made to bear its share of the burdens of 
taxation. 

It is important to call the attention of the Legislature to the serious re- 
sults which are likely to follow from allowing the stocks and other evidences 
of debt against the United States, to escape taxation for the support of the 
State government, and of the locality where held. 

Of the taxable property of the State, not one-fifth of the personal pro- 
perty is now reached; while the real estate is assessed upon eleven-twen- 
tieths of its value, personal is on less than four-twentieths. 



29 

But if the claim now set forth by the holders of the securities for money 
loaned the general government be allowed, then nearly or quite all the per- 
sonal property in this State will escape taxation, and real estate be made 
to bear the additional burthen. 

Whilst it is conceded that the State cannot tax the property of the United 
States within its territory; yet it is difficult to uuderstaud upon what prin- 
ciple the securities for money loaned to the government should escape tax- 
ation on that account. 

If the evidences of a debtor's liability, after being negotiated, be jei his 
property, it overturns the notions and practice of centuries, and confounds 
all previous ideas upon the subject of ownership. 

But if the stocks or bonds of the general government be the property of 
the holder and in the same category as the obligations of individuals or 
corporations in the owner's hands, then it is manifestly unjust to allow 
them to escape taxation. 

One-half of all the taxes collected in this State, are for the purpose of 
protecting personal property, and the mean and sordid spirit that seeks to 
compel others to pay the taxes for its benefit, is guilty of a theft, the more 
unpardonable because it can only be accomplished by perjury or false re- 
preseutations, that in other cases would consign the perpetrator to the 
penitentiary. 

A case occurred during the past year, in one of our inland cities, which 
illustrates the absence of morality, so prevalent on this subject, and the 
facilities furnished for evading taxation of personal property, in a peculiarly 
forcible manner. 

A merchant who openly boasts that he made, during the year, in clear 
profits from his business, $30,000, has only paid to the State of New York, 
for all the protection which has been furnished both by city and State, the 
sum of fifty cents, and not even that upon his large stock of merchandise, 
but upon a little poodle dog, which happened to be reached by the dog law. 

And this is only one of the thousands of equally glaring cases, though 
they may not have been reached even by the dog law. 

AGRICULTURE. 

In the description of the different groups, the peculiarities of the prevail- 
ing agriculture are pointed out in each. An inspection of the tables in the 
appendix to each group, will show the system which has been adopted, and 
to what extent it is followed. 

It will be seen that in most cases the farmers have adopted the system 
best for their locality. 

The surface where winter grain can be grown profitably is much smaller 
than has been generally supposed. The sixth group is a wheat growing 
region. The tiers of counties bounding it on the south have more or less 
land upon their northern margiji which will produce winter wheat. But 
beyond this famed region there is no other section where winter wheat can 
be grown with certainty or profit. Yet the soil in the second group is a 
natural wheat soil. Portions also of the third and fourth groups have soil 
that might bear this cereal; and in the first group it is grown profitably in 



30 

man}'- localities, because the straw is more valuable for market than the 
grain produced. 

Still, in all these localities where the cultivation is attempted, other crops 
would generally pay better for present and certainly for future gain. 

Since the census was taken, farming in this state has made a wide stride 
in the way of an intelligent and profitable system. The last State census 
was taken after one of the most disastrous years (1844) ever known to the 
farming interest. 

The midge and blight had destroyed the wheat, especially winter wheat, 
to such an extent that in many localities which had exported large surplus 
annually, the farmers were compelled to find their bread in the wheat 
brought fi'om beyond the State. The continued ravages of the midge forced 
the adoption of a more judicious system of farming in the wheat group. 
Less wheat was sown, more animals were kept, and the beneficial results 
of the change began to be manifest five years ago, and have continually 
augmented. 

In a tour of the State, made in .the year 1859, more manure was seen car- 
ted upon the land in this region than had ever been seen before, and an 
annual inspection has sho (vu each year an increase of the manure applied, 
until it is a safe estimate that five times as much manure is now applied 
to the land as there was in 1855, and that the amount is annually increas- 
ing. 

The result is manifested in the increased production not only of wheat, but 
of all other vegetable products of the farm as well as a very large in- 
crease of the animal products, amounting in the aggregate to more than 
tribble the product before the advent of the midge. The average of nearly 
or all farm products, in a favorable season, would show a gain of fully fifty 
per cent, over that of 1854. 

Outside of the 1st, 2d and 6th groups the general tendency of agriculture 
is in the direction of animal produce over vegetable, and as a result the 
agriculture of those districts is becoming annually richer, by so much as 
the farmers conserve their manurial resources. The permanent productive 
power of the land is tt > be estimated by the magnitude of the manure crops 
annually made and applied. In the dairy districts of the 3d, 4th and 5th 
groups the farmers are beginning to realize this fact. Though they pro- 
gress slowly as yet in the knowledge of the best modes of application, they 
are very much in advance of the farmers of the grain districts in husband- 
ing their manure. They are also beginning to learn the important fact for 
them that the less land plowed the better. That the plow should only be 
resorted to for the purpose of increasing their grass crops. They are begin- 
ning steadily to comprehend that great axiom in agriculture — the more 
grass the more cattle — the more cattle the more grass. 

It has been shown how ample are the markets and the facilities for reach- 
ing them. It only remains for the farmer to study the wants of those mar- 
kets, and to adapt their surplus to meet those demands. It should be his 
study to ascertain: 1. What produce brings the highest price relatively to 
its cost of production. 2. By what means the cost of production to be re- 
duced in order to increase the net profit ? The result of his investigations 
on the first subject will be the abandonment of those crops and that system 



31 

which, in a given situation, are not profitable, and bestowing his attention 
upon those only which pay the best. The second will lead him to the dis- 
covery and adoption of methods for economizing labor, thereby rendering it 
more productive. 

Our farmers should remember that there is only one law which admits of 
no exceptions, and which everywhere produces the same results, that is the 
law of markets. Upon the due comprehension of this fact will depend their 
prosperity, the value of their land, and the accumulation of their personal 
property. 

It should be remembered, however, that there is a keen competition with 
the farmers of other States for the supplying of many of these markets, and 
that our farmers should study to supply only those articles wherein there 
can be the least competition. The largest competition comes from the 
vegetable rather than animal products, as may be inferred from the fact 
that while all kinds of vegetable products have risen but little in value 
during the last twenty years, animal products have doubled, and in many 
instances quadrupled in that time, and are still increasing in ratio as popu- 
lation increases. In the three great products of the dairy, milk, butter and 
cheese, competition with the farmers of other States has had no visible 
efifect upon prices, nor is there any prospect, for all time to come, that these 
articles will not command remunerating prices, whatever may be the quan- 
tity produced by people of other States. 

Sheep and wool form also a profitable branch of farming in the grain 
growing regions of the State, and the numbers kept to the acre in the 6th 
group, shows that sheep and wool are among the staple products of the 
farm in the grain growing region. 

But the time has come when the farmers of this State, in nearly every 
section, must resort to the improvement of their farms by under-draining, 
by a careful system of manuring, and by a greater attention to the produc- 
tion of fodder crops, and the careful feeding of their animals, if they wish 
to set at defiance the prodigal farming upon the virgin soils of the west. 
Tliey must avail themselves of all the advantages of their position, and 
properly nse a soil which, as a general rule, is able to repay with abundant 
profit all the care which an intelligent system of farming can bestow 
upon it. / 

A Spartan youth complained to his mother that his sword was too short, 
•' Add a step to it, my son," said the matron. Probably if she lived now 
the same spirit would not advise him to sell out and go west, or abandon 
his badly tilled lands for the village or city, to avoid the effects of a keen 
competition for the great markets that are almost at his door. ' 

She would bid her son to overcome competition by a more skillful 
use of the means which he possessed, and seek to make two blades of grass 
grow where only one grew before; a feat which is being accomplished in 
many localities of the State with great profit to successful cultivators. 
What man has done man may do. There is plenty of good farms in this 
State that only lack the intelligent cultivation of the owners to become 
more valuable than the gold mine of far off regions. The fault is. not so 
much in the soil as in the owner. 



32 

The cultivation of a greater range of crops is advised in all localities. 
In the dairy region, flax can be made a very profitable crop, especially if 
the seed be consumed upon the farm by the stock, and the manure thereby 
vastly improved in its value. Koots, especially the sugar beet, could also 
be much more cultivated than at present with manifest profit to the dairy- 
man as well as to the grain grower. 

There is nearly or quite 100,000 acres of land in the State adapted to 
the successful cultivation of the grape. In the sixth group, around all the 
inland lakes, and along the borders of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, there 
can be a succession of vineyards. In the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups, there 
are many places where the grape can also be profitably grown. And at no 
distant day it will be in the power of the farmers to add to their aggregate 
vegetable products a sum equal to that of all their wheat crop from the 
vineyard alone: " 

The money which the Legislature annually appropriate to agriculture 
has been the means of increasing the property of this State by hundreds 
ofmillions of dollars, and a moderate increase of those annual appropria- 
tions will still largely increase those values. 



33 



CHAPTER V. 

Group I •• Counties — Islands — Surface — Bays furnish Facilities — Counties described — Kings, 
New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk — Area — Population — Classed — Density of Popula- 
tion Unimproved Land yet to be Improved — Valuations — Farms — Tools — Stock — Routes of 

TraflSc — Aggregate Valuations — Distribution of Land — Crops — Vegetable Products — Value — 
Animals — Proportion — Lands Profitable as Market Gardens — Animal Products — Value — 
Appendix — Statistics — Agricultural — Financial Population and Assessed Values. 

GROUP I. 

Counties: Kings, city and county of New York, Queens, Richmond and 
Suffolk must be described separate. 

The island of Manhattan embraces the whole of the city and county of 
New York. Its area is about 14,000 acres. Some portions of the upper 
end of the island is yet cultivated in market gardens, though the whole 
island has been mapped into city lots and streets, and it cannot be regarded 
as in anywise an agricultural county. 

Staten Island is embraced in the county of Richmond. Its area is put 
down in the report of its supervisors at 30,233. The general surface is 
rocky and hilly. A portion of the south and west side is level, and where 
not too wet lurnishes excellent farming land. Its proximity to New York 
will ensure it a surplus of the population of that city, and along the navi- 
gable water which surrounds it is springing manufactories that are becom- 
ing daily more important. Its value does not consist in the agricultural 
capacity of its soil, but in its peculiar adaptability for furnishing sites for 
manufacturing establishments; and its heights, overlooking the bay and 
city, furnishing building spots for the summer villas of the wealthy citi- 
zens of New York. 

Long Island includes within its boundaries three counties, viz: Kings, 
Queens and Suffolk; its whole area is about 630,000 acres. Its surface is 
generally level, except on the north side, where it rises into moderate 
ridges, and may be called hilly; the soil, over the most part, is a sandy 
loam. On the north side, and among the hills, a clay occasionally abounds. 
East of Queens county and throughout Suffolk the surface is largely cov- 
ered with a scrub oak and pine forest, which is of little value for timber; 
and when cleared off leaves stumps that are ei-adicated with difficulty 
before the soil can be properly cultivated. The soil is warm and quick, 
and admirably calculated for what it must ultimately become — the market 
garden for a great city. The products of agriculture are remunerating, 
and though the soil requires frequent and heavy manuring, yet there is no 
portion of the State where high farming pays as well as here. The soil is 
cultivated with less labor than anywhere else in the State, the climate 
milder, and the farmer finds a profitable market for all his products. 

The innumerable bays and creeks which indent its shores furnish ex- 
cellent fishing grounds ; and it is estimated by intelligent I'esidents that 
the sea furnishes an income fully equal to the land. 

The surplus population of New York is rapidly flowing out upon the 
island, and filling it with a suburban or village population. 

Kings county can no longer be considered jas an agricultural county, 

[T. C. P.] 5 



34 

being almost entirely occupied by a city, or urban and suburban popula- 
tion. The north and west portions of Queens county are in the same con- 
dition, and a large portion of the whole county is rapidly becoming only a 
market garden and a succession of villages. 

The public works upon the island are the Long Island railroad, running 
nearly the entire length of the island. That, together with its bays and 
creeks, furnish unequaled facilities for obtaining manure at cheap rate, as 
well as for a rapid transit of its products. There are few if any places 
that are five miles from either a railroad station or a steamboat or sloop 
landing, while the majority of farms would not equal three miles from 
these places. 

In its agriculture the island will never do much towards supporting the 
population now filling its western end and swarming along its shores and 
railroads towards its interior. 

The following is a brief description of the several counties with regard 
to their future valuations : 

Kings County. 

Kings county is bounded east by the county of Queens, south by the 
Atlantic ocean, west by the bay of New York, and north by the East river. 

It can hardl}'^ be termed an agricultural county, as its available surface 
is occupied for city or village purposes, or as a market garden. It derives 
its principal value from this cause, and in a very few years will be occu- 
pied by onl}'^ an urban population. 

As a city, Brooklyn cannot be regarded in a commercial point of view, 
other than as second to New York. Its real estate must therefore be re- 
garded as much less valuable, and will not as a whole, exceed one-quarter 
the value of similar lots and improvements in the latter city. Its relative 
value, as fixed the current year, in the opinion of one of the State Asses- 
sors, is too high as compared with that of New York. Still, as New York 
thrives, so must Brooklyn, and its valuation should be annually revised. 

The City of New York. 

The city embraces the whole island upon which it is situated, and is 
bounded on the north by the Harlem river, on the east by the East river, 
on the south by the bay, and on the west by the North river. 

As to the great commercial emporium of not only the State, but of the 
whole continent, the floating capital of the State and of the Union, seeks 
for investment at this point. Capital that could be employed to advantage 
in improving the manufacturing facilities which the immense hydraulic 
power of the State furnishes — or to a more thorough cultivation of the soil, 
and to its improvement by a higher state of farming, is, by reason of the 
inducements which commerce holds out for larger gains, withdrawn from 
the country and concentrated here. Its population and valuations are 
largely increased each year, and such is the demand at all times for per- 
manent investments, real estate can be forced upon the market and sold 
with but a small discount from its estimated value. Such is not the case 
in the country or among the farmers and farms of the State. For that 
man must be truly fortunate who at a forced sale of his real estate can re- 
alize one-fourth of its estimated value. 



35 

Therefore, while in the aggregate the valuations ot the city appear 
large, yet, if judged by the convertibility of the property, they are not 
proportionally higher than the farm lands of the State. 

The estimate of $5,200 per lot, for all the taxed lots of the city, is under 
rather than over the value fixed by some of the best judges of the value 
of real estate in the city. The value of the real estate, if regard be had 
to the rental, will be found to exceed $1,000,000,000. But as the value of 
city real estate is affected by the condition of the countiy, and fluctuates 
more rapidly than farm or agricultural lands, the aggregate value is per- 
haps the safe one for a present basis of taxation. 

Queens County. 

Queens county is bounded on the east bj^ Suffolk county, south by the 
Atlantic ocean, west by the county of Kings and north by the East river. 

The surface is generally level, except on the north side it becomes rolling 
and hilly. The soil is a sandy loam or gravelly clay loam, and admirably 
calculated for profitable farming, near a large market. The Long Island 
railroad through the centre, and the bays and harbors on each side furnish 
alaundant means for a profitable development of its resources. It is be- 
coming rapidly populated, and when the vacant lands around Hempstead 
are brought into market, the population and wealth will be rapidly in- 
creased. It has no commercial or manufacturing centre of importance, 
but its proximity to the cities of New York and Brooklyn will soon make 
it nearly, or quite a suburb of those cities, and its population will soon be- 
come suburban. Its increase of wealth and population must bs such as to 
require an annual revision of its valuations. 

Richmond County. 

Richmond county embraces the whole of Staten Island. Its surface is 
rocky and hilly, or flat and more or less marshy. As an agricultural 
county it has small capacity as compared with its surface, and but for its 
proximity to the city of New York, would be among the least valuable of 
the second class counties. It has no particular advantages for manufac- 
turing, over the opposite shore of Long Island, and will not populate as 
rapidly. Yet, such resources as it does possess are being developed, and 
considerable manufacturing is carried on at different points along its 
shores. Its greatest value consists in the advantageous position of its hills 
and high lauds for suburban residences and villas. It will increase in 
population and wealth much slower than other points around the city, 
which arc reached by less water conveyance. Its valuations will require 
a revision once in two years. 

Suffolk County. 

Suffolk county is bounded on the west by the county of Queens, on the 
north and east by Long Island sound, and on the south by the Atlantic 
ocean. 

The surface is broken and hilly, especially in the centre, but along the 
shores of the bays is level. The soil is generally a sandy loam, which' 
possesses great capacity for profitable cultivation, as little or no part of 



36 

the county is situated more than six miles from either a raih'oad or an ac- 
cessible harbor, so that manures can be cheaply transported by water, and 
the products of the farm or garden rapidly carried to an ever open market. 
Much of the bad repute in which Long Island lands have fallen, especially 
in this county, is due more to the want of enterprise of the inhabitants of 
the coimty, and to the absence of capital in the cultivation of the land. 
But capital properly applied will nowhere reap a greater returu in farming 
and gardening, than here. The great facilities furnished by the fisheries 
along its shores, and the rich rewards received therefrom, discourage the 
improvements of the land as rapidly as would be expected from their 
peculiar location. 

The large fires which caused the destruction of so much property in the 
timber lands of the county, were taken into consideration by the assessors 
in fixing the valuations upon the farm lands. 

The county is gradually improving and will increase slowly in its popii- 
lation and wealth, but its valuations will require a revision not oftener 
than once in three or four years. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations, Commercial 

Routes of Traffic. 

AREA. 

This group is 2.1-10 per cent, of the whole State, and embraces an area 
of 1,011 square miles, whereof there are — 

Improved 493 square miles. 

Unimproved 518 do 

The proportion is: 

Improved 48 per cent. 

Unimproved 52 do 

Reduced to acres at the rate of 640 to the square mile and there are: 

Improved acres 313,360 

Unimproved acres 331,893 

Total acres 647,253 

The improved is 48 per cent, of the whole area, or the improved to the 
unimproved is 48 to 52. 

The proportion of the improved land in the group to that of the aggre- 
gate improved land of the State is 2.02 per cent. 

POPULATION. 

The aggregate population of the group is : 

City 1,080,330 

Village 85,951 

Rural 52,758 

Total population 1,219,039 

The proportion of each is: 

City population 89 per cent. 

"Village do 7 do 

Rural do 4 do 

Thirty-two per cent, of the whole population of the State is in this group. 

The high percentage of the city population is to be accounted for by the 
fact that the cities of New York and Brooklyn are included in this group. 
The small percentage of the rural population sufficiently indicates the ten- 



37 

dency of the urban and suburban to absorb the available territory embraced 
within the group. Of the 331,893 acres of unimproved land, about one- 
half or 165,947 acres are susceptible of ultimate improvement, and will be 
brought to yield human food, but the balance must always contain a waste, 
and it will only be by slow degrees that these lands will be brought into 
cultivation. Small as the proportion of the rural population now is, it 
must decrease rather than increase. 

The density of population is — total population to total area, 1,215 to the 
square mile, or two persons to the acre. 

The aggregate population to the aggregate improved land, is 2,473 to 
the square mile, or 4 persons to the acre. 

Of the rural population there are 52 to the square mile, or 12 acres to 
the inhabitant. 

But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land 
is 107 persons to the mile, or 6 aci'es to the inhabitant, which gives 36 
acres as the average number of improved acres to each farm, 

VALUATIONS. 

The cash value of farms, stock, tools and implements is: 

Farms $48,229,322 

Stock 4,956,005 

Tools and implements 1,060,452 

Total capital invested in agriculture $54,245,779 

The average value of farms, stock, tools and implements per acre of im- 
proved land is: 

Farms per acre $153 GO 

Stock per acre 15 72 

Tools and implements per acre 3 36 



$172 08 



The whole average farming capital invested is : 



Farm $5,508 00 

Stock 576 00 

Tools and implements 121 00 

Totalinvested $6,205 00 

The aggregate value of all the real estate of the group is : 

Farm lands $48,229,322 

Village and corporations 13,000,000 

City 782,200,000 

Total value of real estate $843,429,322 

The incorporated cities are New York and Brooklyn, each of which have 
numerous elements for progressive increase in population and wealth. 

The total number of artificial miles of routes for commercial traffic are, 
railroad 129 miles, and the proportion of such routes to the square mile of 
area is 8 square miles of area to 1 mile of traffic route. 

The valuation of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal 
estate by the town assessors, whereon the report of the board of equaliza- 
tion was based for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows. 



38 

Farmlanda $29,722,339 

Village and corporation real estate 13,000,000 

City 682,200,000 

Total real estate $624,922,339 

Personal estate 195,448,899 

Total, real and personal $820,371,238 

The details are tabulated in table B, of the appendix to this group. 
The banking- capital in 1861 was $73,080,605. 

The details are tabulated and shown in table C, of the appendix to this 
group. 

DISTRIBUTION OF IMPKOVED LAND. 

Pasture, acres 85,458 

Meadow, do 81,681 

Total in acres, grass 167,139 

The percentage of acres in grass to the whole area of improved land is: 

Pasture 27 per cent. 

Meadow 26 per cent. 

Total percentage of grass 53 per cent. 

Spring wheat, acres 4* 

Winter wheat, do 18,531 

Oats, do 20,931 

Rye, do 19,404 

Barley, do 718 

Total in white straw crops 59,430 

Buckwheat, acres 9,484 

Corn, do • 25,001 

Peas, do 569 

Beans, do 3,.331 

Total in fodder crops 38,385 

Potatoes, acres 7,521 

Turnips, do 1,403 

Total in root crops 8,924 

Flax, acres > 1 

Hops, do 1 

Market gardens, acres 4,944 

Total in merchantable crops. 4,946 

Recapitulation. 

Total acres in straw crops 59,630 

fodder crops 38,385 

root crops.... 8,924 

merchantable crops..... 4,946 

Total acres in cultivation, exclusive of pasture and meadow, 111,885 
which is 35 per cent, of the improved land. 

There is yet some 12 per cent, of the improved land unaccounted for, 

which must be included in vacant lots and towns, and in the errors of the 

census. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Hay, tons 106,275 at $10 $1,062,750 

Grass seed, bushels 2,450 at 2 4,900 

Total value of graas products. $1,067,650 



Spring wheat, bushels. 

Winter do 

Oats, do 

Rye, do 

Barley, do 

Buckwheat, do 

Corn, do 

Peas, do 

Beans, do 



752 at $1 25 


$940 


283,140 at 


1 25 


353,925 


489,690 at 


30 


146,907 


225,778 at 


80 


180,622 


14,370 at 


80 


11,446 


41,640 at 


50 


20,830 


940,848 at 


75 


705,636 


12,794 at 


80 


10,235 


8,000 at 


80 


6,400 



Total grain products 2,017,012 $1,436,941 



Potatoes, bushels 692,925 at $ 75 $519,743 

Turnips, do 226,269 at 50 113,135 

Total roots 919,194 $032,878 



Flax seed, bushels 1 at $2 00 |2 

Lint, pounds 300 at 10 30 

Hops, do 304 at 10 30 

Apples, bushels...: 31,228 at 25 7,807 

Cider, barrels 456 at 100 456 

Market gardens, value of products 697,088 697,088 

Total value of merchantable crops $705,413 



Recapitulation. 

Value of meadow products $1,067,650 

do grain do 1,436,941 

do roots do 632,878 

do merchantable products 705,413 

Total value of vegetable products $3,842,882 



The average annual value of the vegetable products, exclusive of straw, 
on improved land, is, exclusive of pasture, equal to $11. The aggregate 
annual grain product is six bushels per acre. 

ANIMALS AND VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS. 

Neat cattle — whole number 47,318 

Under one year • 6,225 

Over one year, exclusive of working oxen and eows 11,905 

Oxen 4,373 

Cows 24,815 

Horses 28,369 28,.369 

Mules 567 567 

Killed for beef 53,409 

Sheep 37,780 

Sheep shorn 30,300 

Reducing sheep to a cattle equivalent, at seven to one, and they equal cattle, 5,397 

Whole number of cattle or their equivalent 81,651 

The aggregate of improved land to cattle is four acres to one. But this 
group is not to be compared with the other groups in its agricultural pro- 
ducts. Large numbers of cows ai*e kept in the cities of Brooklyn and New 
York, that are stabled during the year ; and others are kept in the suburbs 
of each city, and the grain and hay to support them comes from other lo- 
calities. The large proportion of horses to cattle is also owing to the fact 
that all the horses used in the two cities are included in this census, and 
no distinction made between horses on the farm, or for farm labor, or those 
kept exclusive for the road. 

This whole group is a cattle, sheep, hog and horse importing group, with 
small exceptions, in regard to Suffolk and ^ portion of Queens counties. 

Therefore, the rules whereby we are to judge of the agricultural pros- 
perity of the people, must be different from those applied to a more rural 
population. 



40 

The lands can be most profitably occupied as market gardens, and all its 
agricultui-e tends to that direction, and will be profitable, as it assimilates 
that condition. 

Heavy manuring, and at large expense, requires crops that will pay 
largely for their cultivation. As a general rule the farms in this group are 
prosperous, but not so by adopting any system that would be found feasi- 
ble or profitable in either of the other groups. Few animals are kept which 
do not yield an immediate profit either in labor or produce. 

The supply of manure is principally from the town, and that is paid for 
by the vegetables it stimulates the soil to produce, and animals are only 
kept to consume the offal of the farm which cannot bo sold in the city. 

Farming, as understood and practiced in other portions of the State, 
would be an unprofitable occupation here. 

The surplus from the land in this group is principally in vegetables and 
milk for the inhabitants, and forage and bedding for the stables. 

Swine under six months 11,085 

Swine over six months 15, 581 

Total swine 26,666 

ANTMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Wool, lbs 89,040 at 40c. $35,616 

Butter, lbs 1,118,178 at 20c. 223,636 

Cheese, lbs 2,345 at 10c. 234 

Milk sold, galls 3,681,055 at 10c. 368,103 

Value of poultry sold $116,124 

Value of eggs sold , 108,830 

Total value of poultry $224,954 

Total value of animal products $862,543 

To this sum should be added the value of swine over 6 months, which 

represents the surplus 15,581, at $12 186,962 

One-half of cattle over 1 year old, 5,953 head 119,060 

One-third of sheep 12,593, at $3 37,779 

Of the horses kept in this group there are in the counties of Queens, 
Richmond, and Suffolk, 15,910 head. Of these perhaps one in twenty 
is sold annually — say 795 head at $30 23,850 

Total value of animal surplus $1,220,194 

To this should be added the surplus derived from hay, straw, wheat — 
indeed, nearly or quite all their vegetable products are sold. 

Total value of vegetable produce 3,842,882 

Add for straw 600,000 

Total value of surplus products of agriculture $5,563,076 

Or $1*1.65 per acre for the improved land of the groups, or an average 
annual income to the farm of $635.40, which is not far from ten per cent 
upon the capital invested. 

But as the expense of cultivation is much greater here than upon a dif- 
ferent soil and farther inland, the annual income of the farms does not 
much if any exceed that of the average of the farmers of the State. 

It is the opinion of well-informed persons living upon the island that the 
income from the waters around them furnish an annual revenue equal to 
if not superior to that from the land, at any rate a very large item of the 
animal food of the inhabitants is drawn from this source. 



41 



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45 



CHAPTER VI. 

Group II : Counties — Boundaries— Topography — Scenery — Wealthy Men Seeking Homes — Su- 
burb of New York — Mineral Resources — Counties Described — Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, 
Rensselaer, Washington, Westchester — Area — Population — Aggregate Valuations — Value 
of Farms per Acre — Average Capital in Farms — Miles of Traffic Routes — Distribution of 
Land — In Grass — In Tillage — Quantity of Crops — Value — Straw — Once Wheat Land — Not 
Now — Crops not what should be — Rye staple Crop — Potatoes — Flax leading Crop — Animals — 
Do Products — Value — Surplus Vegetable Products — Value — Proportion — Cattle — Agricul- 
ture — Affect by Markets — General System Bad — Traffic Routes to Square Miles — Appendix — 
Agricultural Statistics — Tax Values — Financial. 

GROUP II 

Counties : Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, Rensselaer, Washington, West- 
chester — 6. 

This g-roup embraces all the territory of the eastern part of the State 
which bounds upon the States of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, 
and extends from the Hudson river at the south to near the junction of lake 
George and lake Champlain in the north, and is bounded on the west nearly 
the whole distance by the Hudson river. It is not far from 175 miles long 
by twenty-five broad. 

It has mountains on the east nearlj'^ the whole distance, embracing- the 
Taghkanic range, while it has the highlands and parts of the mountains of 
the Catskill group, extending across from east to west. In its topography 
it may be termed a broken and hilly region, at many points running into a 
mountain tract, susceptible of pasturage and broken cultivation over nearly 
the whole surface. 

Along the Hudson river the shores are usually rocky bluff's, sloping in- 
land, but a small portion of the surface can be considered level; yet a large 
surface is capable of cultivation. The counties are similar in their soil 
and topography, and are properly embraced in one group, as they have no 
portion of the State wherewith they properly assimilate. 

The scenery is excelled in no country for its grandeur, beauty and great 
variety. The mountains of the other groups, adjoining it to the west, 
which are ever visible from its hills and plains ; its own mountains always 
beautiful in their outline, and often assuming proportions of magnificence 
in their aggregate massing ; a river unsurpassed for the beauty of the 
views it presents in its ever changing scenery ; an interior diversified by 
hill and dale, embracing at almost every turn landscapes unrivalled for 
their richness and beautiful variety. These are its natural charms ; but 
art is everywhere busy in adding to them by the softening influence of 
wealth and cultivated taste. The rocky headlands which so abundantly 
mark the course .of the river, and give such grand views of river and 
mountain, of lake and hill and dale, are fast becoming the sites for princely 
mansions, surrounded with all the acquired beauty that unbounded wealth 
can supply. 

The wealthy business men of New York are preparing their future homes 
in this beautiful region, away from the noise and bustle of active city life, 
and seeking amid its sylvan scenes for that enjoyment of their declining 
years, which ever comes to the human heart in the contemplation of the 



46 

grand and beautiful, nowhere so blended by a wise and beneficent creator 
as in the length and breadth' of this group. It seems to one who has tra- 
versed this region often, and contemplated it in its relations to the vast 
city which lies below and yet in its infancy, as wisely designed for an adja- 
cent suburban territory, whereon might be lavished the wealth and taste of 
a great metropolis. 

Wealth and taste are already beautif^'ing the scenery all along the head- 
lands and bluflFs of the river's bank, and in sequestered dells and vales; 
and it is not extravagant to anticipate that the whole country will be a 
succession of villas far up the river to Troy, and even beyond. 

The scenery has been dwelt upon, perhaps, to a degree scarcely warran- 
ted in a report like this, for the purpose of calling the attention of the peo- 
ple of a great city to the unexampled advantages which they possess, 
almost at their doors, for the enjoyment of a healthful, and, at the same 
time a beautiful country residence. 

All below White Plains, in Westchester county, is now little else than a 
suburb of the city of New York — maintaining much the same relation to 
the city that Harlem did a few years ago. Its manufacturing facilities are 
immense, and its mineral resources inexhaustible. The iron mines of the 
Taghkanic range furnish ore for manufacturing the choicest iron, and its 
mountains abound with marble of desirable quality, while some of the most 
beautiful granites for buildings are found in inexhaustible quantities near 
its great thoroughfares. The facility for cheap fuel in the exhaustless sup- 
ply of coal from Pennsylvania, through the Hudson and Delaware canal, 
adds largely to its manufacturing resources. 

The soil possesses, in the mineral constituents of its prevailing rocks, the 
elements of inexhaustible fertility. The unrivalled fertility and richness 
of its pastures is owing to the constant supply of alkaline substances fur- 
nished by the disintegration of the rocks scattered upon the surface, or 
washed down from the mountains by the torrent or the rill. 

There is but very little of the surface that does not afford a profit to the 
owner, and although one-fourth is uncultivated, j'^et it by no means follows 
that the greatest portion of the uncultivated is a waste, because the broken 
and rough hills furnish periodical crops of timber, and annual pasturage on 
nearly their whole surface. The absolute waste and worthless land will 
not exceed one twentieth of its whole area. 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT AND 

FUTURE VALUATION. 

Columbia County. 

The county of Columbia is bounded on the north by the county of Rens- 
selaer, on the east by the State line, on the south by the county of Dutch- 
ess, and on the west by the Hudson river. 

The general aspect of the county is hilly, and more or less broken. Few 
counties have a greater variety of soil over its whole surface. Prom the 
most fertile to the most rocky and sterile, can often be found upon the same 
farm, and that not covering a very large surface. 

Its avenues for commercial intercourse, and its facilities for reaching 



47 

valuable markets at cheap rates, and by rapid modes of transit, are second 
to no other county. There are railroads over various portions of its lands, 
with the Hudson river in its front. 

There is valuable hydraulic power in the county, already extensively 
occupied; and it is now a manufacturing centre of importance, and the 
general productions of its soil, and the improvements of its motive power 
renders it, by reason of its other facilities, among the most important 
counties of the State, whose population and wealth are rapidly increasing 
and whose valuations will require an annual revision. 

Dutchess County. 

The county of Dutchess is bounded on the north by the county of Colum- 
bia, on the east by the State line, on the south by the county of Putnam, 
and on the west by the Hudson river. 

The general aspect is hilly, rolling, and more or less broken. The soil 
is various, and ranges from very fertile to rocky and sterile. Generally it 
is capable of being used for permanent pasture, when too broken for til- 
lage, so that there is comparatively only a small portion which cannot, in 
some respect, be made to yield an income. 

It has important hydraulic power which is extensively employed, and it 
has already become an important manufacturing centre of textile fabric, 
as well as mineral products. 

The Harlem railroad through its eastern towns, and the Hudson river 
railr<fkd and the Hudson river on the west side, furnish great facilities 
for the rapid and cheap transportation of its surplus products of field and 
mine to a never-failing market. 

Few counties, therefore, are in as prosperous condition in all its indus- 
trial resources, and its population and wealth is rapidly increasing, and 
its valuations will require annual revision. 

Putnam County. 

Putnam county is bounded on the west by the Hudson river, on the north 
by Dutchess county, on the east by the Connecticut State line, and on the 
south by the county of Westchester. 

The surface is mountainous, hilly and broken; as but a small portion is 
in a condition for cultivation, its general agricultural product must be grass, 
and it can ijever be other than a grazing county. On its river front there 
are some important manufacturing towns, and it contains mineral in its 
mountains in large supply. The Harlem railroad in its rear, and the Hud- 
son River railroad and river in its front, furnish abundant facilities for the 
successful development of its resources. Its agricultural population will 
not increase, except at a slow rate. But its proximity to New York city, 
and its already large manufacturing capacity, will insure an increase of 
population and wealth which will require an annual revision of its assess- 
ments. 

Ren^elaer County. 

Rensselaer county is bounded on the east by the Massachusetts State line, 
on the south by Columbia county, on the west by the Hudson river, and on 
the north by the county of Washington. 



48 

Its surface is hilly and broken, even mountainous on the east and is gene- 
rally undulating. Its soil assimilates to Columbia county, and has the same 
defects and advantages. It has already become a commercial and manufac- 
turing centre of importance, and it must largely increase in its population 
and wealth. The Hudson river and its railroads furnish ample facilities 
for the development of its resources, which will be largely increased by the 
opening up of the northern wilderness. 

Washington County. 

Washington county is bounded on the east by the Vermont State line, on 
the south by Rensselaer county, on the west by a part of the counties of 
Saratoga and Warren, and part of Lake George. 

Its surface is hilly, broken, and undulating. Its soil is from very poor 
to first quality, and surpassed by none in the State. Like all the coun- 
ties on the east side of the Hudson river, it possesses lands of great fertil- 
ity, but so broken up by rocky hills that no large tract of fertile land can 
be obtained for cultivation. It is however among the very best of the sec- 
ond-class counties, and its peculiar facilities for reaching market by easy 
and cheap modes of transportation, by means of the railroads traversing its 
territory and the Hudson river and Champlain canal, render the lands more 
valuable than those of some of the more fertile, but further inland counties. 
It will always be a thriving county, and its population and wealth will 
gradually increase, and its valuations should be revised at least once in 
two years. * 

Westchester County. 

Westchester county is bounded on the east by the Connecticut State line 
and part of Long island sound, south by the East river and the Harlem 
river, west by the Hudson river, and north by the county of Putnam. 

Its surface is mountainous, hilly and broken, and more or less covered 
with rocks and the stony debris of its hills and mountains. The soil when- 
ever cleared from the stone wherewith it is so much mixed, is moderately 
fertile, and particularly adapted to grass and many of the spring grains. 

It is not, however, in the richness of its soil that the value of its real 
estate consists, but in the facility whereby the surplus population of a great 
city, can make upon its unrivalled sites their suburban residences. All 
that portion of the county below White Plains on the eastern side, and be- 
low the county line on the western side, has already become a suburb of 
the city of New York, and can no longer be valued as farming lands, but 
should be rated as village real estate, and is among the most valuable in 
the State. The Harlem and the Hudson railroads, as well as the Hudson 
river and Long Island sound, furnish ample facilities for developing its re- 
sources and for populating its lands. Its population and wealth will in- 
crease rapidly, and its valuations will require an annual revision. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations, Routes of Traf- 
fic AND Banking Capital. 

AREA. 

This group is eight per cent of the surface of the whole State, and em- 
braces an area of 3,399 square miles, whereof there are, 



49 

Improved 2,499 square miles. 

Unimproved 900 do 

Total square miles 3,399 

The proportion of each is: 

Improved 73 per cent. 

Unimproved 27 do 

Reduced to acres there are : 

Improved acres 1,599,329 

Unimproved acres 572,465 

Total acres 2,171,794 

The improved is seventy-three per cent of area, or the improved to the 
unimproved is as 73 to 27. 

The proportion of the improved land in the g"roup, to aggregate improved 
land in the State, is two per cent, and of unimproved it is 2.5 per cent. 

The area of improved land never can be materially increased, and must 
always maintain the same relative position to the unimproved that it does 
now. There are no extensive tracts of forests or swamps to be cleared or 
reclaimed; hence there will be no perceptible increase of improved land, 
because the exigencies of an increasing city or village population will 
absorb quite as much as may be reclaimed from marshes and swamps which 
are now being improved. 

POPULATION. 

Aggregate population of group is : 

Village 175,136 

Rural 121,560 

City ,. 61,148 

Total population 357,844 

The proportion of each is : 

Village 48 percent. 

Rural 33 do 

City 19 do 

100 

The excess of city and village population — equal to 67 per cent, indi- 
cates the tendency to concentration into large towns or around manufac- 
turing centres, and that the consumers largely exceed the producers, so far 
as agriculture is concerned. 

The proportion of population of group to aggregate population of State, 
is nine per cent, and of rural population three per cent. 

The average population to aggregate square miles, is 105 persons per 
square mile. The gross population to improved square miles, is 143 per- 
sons to one square mile. The rural population to the improved land, is 49 
persons to the square mile. 

VALUATIONS. 

Cash value of farms, stock and implements, by State census of 1855, 
was: 

Farms $113,954,486 

Stock 1 1,505,557 

Implements 3,002,984 

Total capital invested in agriculture. , , , , , $128,463,027 

[T. C. P.] 1 " 

i 



50 

The aggregate value of all the real estate is : 

City real estate $15,226,000 

Village real estate 32,300,000 

rarms , 113,954,486 

Total real estate $161,480,486 

The incorporated cities are Troy, Hudson and Poughkeepsie; the villages 
are numerous, and both city and villages possess the elements of increas- 
ing population and wealth. 

The valuation of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal, by 
the town assessors, whereon the report of the board of equalization was 
based, for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows: 

Farm lands $107,947,970 

Village corporations 32,300,000 

City 15,226,000 

Total real estate $155,473, 970 

Personal 30,685, 594 

Total, personal and real... , $186,159,564 

Banking capital employed in 1861 was $8,410,107. 

The details of the cash of the above statement are tabulated and shown 
in tables B and G of the appendix to this group. 

The average value of farms, stock and implements, per acre is: 

Farms, per acre $71 00 

Stock 7 20 

Tools and implements • • • • 1 80 

$80 00 

The average number of acres Of improved land to each farm, is 18. 
The whole average capital invested in a farm is: 

Farm $5,538 00 

Stock 662 00 

Implements 140 00 

Total invested $6,340 00 

The total miles of natural and artificial routes of traffic are: 

River 152 miles. 

Railroads 429 do 

Canal 20 do 

Totalmiles 601 

The proportion of traffic route to the square mile of area, is 5.5 square 
miles to 1 mile of route. 

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND. 

Pasture, acres 636,088 

Meadow, acres 381,415 

Total in grass, acres 1,017,503 

Of the improved land, the pasturage is 40 per cent, being 4 per cent 
above the average of the whole State. The meadow is 23 per cent, or 1 
per cent below the general average. Owing to the hilly condition of the 
surface, this excess of pasturage is accounted for, as well as the prepon- 
derance of meadow and pasturage, which is 63 per cent of the whole im- 
proved land. The cpuyse of farming also requires the excess of pasturage. 



51 

Spring wheat 23,600 

Winter wheat 23,095 

Oats 151,377 

Rye 99,906 

Barley 196 

Total in white straw crops 278,174 

Buckwheat 28,276 

Com 123,632 

Potatoes 35,946 

Peas 1,504 

Beans ; 1,006 

Turnips 1,872 

Flax 4 . i 5,288 

Market gardens t i 1,184 

Total acres under plow 476,882 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

Quantity and distribution, and value of crops: 

Spring wheat, bushels 39,571 at $1 25 $49,464 

Winter wheat, do * :... 110,788 at 125 138,485 

Oats, do 2,797,760 at 30 839,328 

• Rye, do i 1,380,224 at 80 140,418 

Barley, do 32,915 d,t 80 25,332 

Buckwheat, do 222,537 at 50 111,269 

Corn, do 2,446,894 at 80 1,957,515 

Peas, do 17,938 at 80 14,350 

Beans, do 13,065 at 2 00 26,120 

Total value of grain products * . . $3,302,285 

Turnips, bushels 154,103 $15,410 

Potatoes, do 2,179,514 871,806 

Total value of roots * 4 » $887, 216 

Flax seed, bushels 42,338 $63,507 

Lint, lbs 1,613,885 at $0 10 151,388 

Market gardens' product $75,210 

Apples, bushels 834,574 at 10 83,457 

Cider, barrels 31,040 at $1 00 31,040 

Hay, tons 395,671 3,956,710 

Grass seed, bushels 4,998 25 9,996 

Total value of vegetable products $8,571,001 

But the straw of the rye, wheat, and oat crop forms an article of com- 
merce, and is calculated to be worth at least $5 per acre of the area 
sown to white straw crops, which would make the value of stra*. . . . 1,390,870 

Total value of vegetable products $9,961,871 

Which is $11.61 per acre of the land in tillage. 

Of the improved land there is only 27 per cent, under the plow annually 
and in grain crops, while there is 63 per cent, of meadow and pasture. The 
meadow only falls 4 per cent, below the plowed land. 

Nearly 3 per cent, of the land planted to wheat in the State is grown 
here, yet, at the beginning of the present century, some of the most pro- 
ductive wheat lands in the State were found in the counties of this group. 
Nor has their fertility been exhausted to such an extent as to prevent the 
cultivation of this cereal. On the contrary, it could be grown as well now 
as fifty years ago, so far as the mineral constituents of the soil are con- 
cerned. Its neglected cultivation may be traced to two causes. The first 
is in the depredations of the midge or fly, which has rendered the crop so 
uncertain that its cultivation ceases to be profitable^ and the second is, the 



52 

great increase of population, has made a different system of farming more 
profitable, and therefore more desirable. The soil is so constituted that it 
must ever remain a first class wheat soil. 

The corn crop forms 15 per cent, of the general crop of the State, and 
75 per cent, of all the improved lands of the group. The average product 
per acre is, however, only 20 bushels, being 3 bushels per acre less than 
the general average. It is in defective cultivation that it is not as much 
above, for the soil is genial for it. 

The precarious nature of winter wheat cultivation is shown in the fact 
that the average yield was only 5 bushels per acre, while the general State 
average was 12 bushels. But still much is due to the very defective sys- 
tem of its cultivation. 

Of the straw-producing crops, rye forms the most important in their 
system of farming, though the most exhaustive: for not only is the straw 
sold from off the farm, but also the grain. It however receives the most 
care of any crop cultivated, having the benefit of the scanty supplj^ of 
manure usuall}'- saved, and is the most pi'oductive in acreable yield. The 
potash and lime abounding in the soil, makes the cultivation of this grain 
more productive than it otherwise would be under their exhaustive system 
of cultivation. Six per cent, of the cultivated land is in rye, and the yield 
is at the. average rate of 14 bushels per acre, or 4 bushels above the gen- 
eral average. This only shows what might be done with other crops if 
they were properly cultivated, or if their cultivation furnished a profitable 
return. Over 35 per cent, of the land sown to rye in the whole State is 
sown here, and over 45 per cent, of all grown is also grown here. 

The acres in oats are 9 per cent, of its cultivated land, and 11 -per cent, 
of the general average, and the yield was 18 bushels per acre, being 2 
bushels less than the general average. 

Barley is not a favorite among the straw crops, from the fact that its 
straw has little or no value for market. Only nine acres in one thousand 
of the improved land were devoted to this crop, and the average yield per 
acre was 17 bushels, being equal to the general average of the State. 

Buckwheat was more largely cultivated, the hilly and mountainous sur- 
face furnishing much land congenial to this plant. The proportion is ten 
per cent, of the general average, and the average product is 8 bushels per 
acre, which is that of the whole State. The same reason given as 
in the case of barley, for the moderate cultivation of this plant, is, the 
straw has no market value. 

The cultivation of the potato forms an important part of the farming in 
all the counties of this group, and especially in Washington county, yet 
the proportion is only 16 per cent, of the general aggregate, while the ave- 
rage yield is sixty bushels per acre, being nine bushels less than the gene- 
ral average, caused by the defective cultivation, as the soil is admirably 
adapted to the cultivation of the tuber. 

ANIMALS AND VALUE OF THEIR PEODUCTS. 

Neat cattle total $189,452 

Under 1 year 23,410 

Over 1 year exclusively 40, 101 

Working oxen 23,395 

Cows 102,660 



53 

Cattle killed for beef 23,379 

Horses 51,093 

Mules 336 

Sheep 361,503 

do shorn 314,449 

Reducing sheep to cattle equivalent, and they represent cattle 51)643 

Whole number of cattle or their equivalent $202,623 



The aggregate of improved land to cattle is seven acres to one animal, 
though the general average of the State is one animal to four acres. 

Swine under 6 months old 103,438 

do over 6 do 55,306 

Total swine 168,744 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Wool, lbs 1,035,611 $414,244 

Butter, lbs 7,656,184 151,124 

Cheese, lbs 1,299,894 129,990 

Milk sold, galls 8,104,806 810,480 

Poultry, value sold 218,034 

do do eggs sold 268,807 

Total value of products of poultry 476,841 

Total value of products of animals $1,982,679 



Add value of swine over 6 months old, as that would represent the 

surplus, viz., 55,306 at $12 per head $663,672 

The cattle killed for beef, 23,379 at $20 per head 467,580 

One- third of the cattle over 1 year old, exclusive of oxen and cows, 

and those killed for beef, would be 1,333 head at $20 266,660 

One-fourth of the whole number of sheep annually sold, which is 

90,326 head at $2 per head 80,652 

One-twentieth of the borses supposed to be sold annually, 2,555 

head at $30 76,650 



Total annual value of surplus products of animals $3,537,893 



To this may be added the value of vegetable products, which represent 
a surplus, viz: 

Meadow products in hay $3,956,700 

do grass seed 9,996 

do spring wheat 49,464 

do winter do 138,135 

do barley 25,332 

do rye 140,418 

do beans 26,120 

do flax and lint 214,895 

Market gardens' value of products 75,210 

Orchard 114,497 

Straw 1,390,870 



Total value of annual surplus products of agriculture $9,679,740 



This sum is equal to $6.0t per acre of the improved land, and makes the 
annual average surplus of the farm $473, which is not far from 7|c profit 
on capital invested. 

The proportions which each bear to the aggregate of the same item in 
the group, or to the whole State, is as follows: 

The neat cattle are 8 per cent, of the general aggregate. Of these, 
those under one year are 12 per cent, of the aggregate of the group, and 
3. per cent, below the general aggregate. Of those over one year, exclu- 
sive of cows and oxen, there are 21 per cent, or 5 per cent, below the gen. 
eral aggregate. Of the aggregate of cattle in the group, 12 per cent, are 
working oxen, and the oxen are 16 per cent, of the general aggregate. 



54 

And 68 acres of improved land to each ox, or one yoke of oxen to every 
two farms. 

The cows are 54 per cent of the cattle in the group, whilst they are only 
9 per cent of general average, they are 4 per cent above the general 
average. 

Horses are 9 per cent, of general average, and mules 15 per cent., and 
of horses and mules, 1 to each 31 acres of improved land, or a span to each 
farm. But asia large percentage of horses and mules are kept in the cities 
and villages, it will not be proper to average them as a span to each farm; 
a fair average will not exceed one to each farm. 

The swine are fifteen per cent, of the general average, but the propor- 
tion under six months is largely in excess of the general average, which 
is only 50 per cent. But here it is 64 per cent., or an excess of 14 per 
cent., which is readily accounted for by their mode of farming and facili- 
ties for marketing. 

The sheep are 11 per cent, of the general aggregate, and there is 1 to 
4| acres of land, and as there is 4T,054 more sheep than fleeces, there must 
have been about that number of lambs, which is 13 per cent., or 5 per cent, 
below the general average. The general average is one sheep to four acres 
of improved land, so that they fall below that by half an acre. 

The cattle killed are only 10 per cent, of general average, one to every 
15 of the inhabitants. 

Of the animal products, the value of the poultry and eggs sold amount 
to 19 per cent, of the general average. But of the milk sold, 40 per cent, 
of the general aggregate is from this group. The butter is only 8 per cent., 
and the cheese but 3 per cent, while the wool is II per cent., averaging 
3 3-lOths pounds per sheep, the general average being 3 5-lOths pounds 
per fleece. 

THE AGRICULTURE, 

The system of agriculture is modified by their proximity to an inex- 
haustible market, and unusual facilities for reaching it, as well as by the 
increasing demands of their local markets. 

Along the line of railroads as far up as Columbia county, and for a short 
distance into that county, the principal feature of farming is furnishing 
milk fresh to the city of New York. Almost every farm throughout the 
counties of Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess, situated along the line of 
either the Hudson river or the Harlem railroads, or within from three to 
five miles of either road, is, to its full capacity, a milk dairy farm, and the 
principal product sold from the farm is in the shape of milk. Higher up, 
and farther inland, the surplus of the farm is either in rye, grain and straw; 
and where the ground is too rough for cultivation, pasturage and hay, for- 
age and bedding for the New York stables, is a leading object with a 
large majority of farmers. 

The whole system is defective, because it constantly takes from the soil 
its vegetable product, and returns nothing in its place. Of the productive 
power of the soil, when properly consumed, abundant evidence exists in 
those farms where the dairy is made the leading branch. The production 
of the soil is not surpassed in any other poi'tion of the State. Hay and straw 
are baled and sent to the city of New York by rail and river transporta- 



55 

tion. Rye straw is in large demand at the various paper mills, and it not 
imfrequently happens that the crop of straw brings a larger price per acre 
than the grain. In the upper counties, flax and potatoes are largely ex- 
ported, and throughout the whole group, comparatively little stock of ani- 
mals is kept, as is shown by the fact that only one head of cattle, or its 
equivalent, is kept to 7 acres of its improved land, being almost double the 
laud to an animal in the general average of the State. 

It has already been shown that no system of agriculture can be perma- 
nently profitable when of the aggregate annual products of the farm, the 
annual animal does not equal or exceed the annual vegetable product. 

The prevailing system is one of ultimate exhaustion, because the annual 
vegetable product is largely in excess of the animal, and will continue to 
be so until the whole system is changed; nor would the change be produc- 
tive of less profit to the farmer, but after a short interval, would materially 
increase his ijicome, by giving him as much hay and straw to sell as he 
now has, and a yet larger income from his animal produce. 

This should be one of the richest and most productive of the several 
groups. 

The average price of its farm lands, and of the stock and implements, 
shows that it stands second only to the 1st group. 

The average size of its farms is owing to the fact of so much of its 
mountain lands being enclosed; of the tendency to an urban and suburban 
occupation of its lands. 

The great facilities for marketing the surplus, either farm or manufac- 
tory, and of intercommunication, are all that could be desired for the high- 
est development of all its resources. 

It has one mile of available railroad or river transit for every six square 
miles of its whole area, or 12 per cent of the whole facilities for the whole 
State, while its area is only 8 per cent of the aggregate surface of the 
State. 



56 



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60 



CHAPTER VII. 

Group III : Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Description of Counties — Albany, Delaware, 
Greene, Montgomery, Orange, Otsego, Rockland, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster, 
Area — Population' — Density — Valuations — Farms — Aggregate Value of Keal Estate — Traffic 
Routes — Aggregate Personal and Heal — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage Crops — Vege- 
table Products and Value — Animals — Products and Value — Wheat Surplus Sold — Aggregate 
Value of Surplus — Agriculture — Grass should be Leading Feature — Hops not Profitable — 
English Opinion — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Valuation — Finance. 

Counties: Albany, Delaware, Greene, Montgomery, Orange, Otsego, 
Rockland, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster — 11. 

BOUNDARIES, TOPOGRAPHY, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES AND THEIR MATERIAL 

RESOURCES. 

This group is bounded on the east by the Hudson river, north by the 
south line of the counties of Saratoga, Fulton and Herkimer, west by the 
east line of the counties of Oneida, Madison, Chenango and Broome, and 
south by the State lines of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 

In its topography it is mountainous. It embraces the whole of the Cats- 
kill mountain group south of the Mohawk valle3^ It therefore partakes 
of the features incident to an Alpine region. High table laud broken into 
hills and valleys, mountain peaks, deep narrow valleys, and a broken, rocky 
and uneven surface generally. The highest elevation reached by any of 
the mountain peaks is about 3,000 feet above the tide level of the Hudson 
river; veiy much of its improved land will be found at a level of from 1,000 
to 1,500 and 2,000 feet above tide. This elevation affects its agriculture 
and prevents a large tract of land Avhich has unrivalled market advantages 
from becoming highly cultivated, or its resources of soil available. Both 
the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers have their heads in this group. The 
Delaware, in the county of Delaware, near the Schoharie count}^ line, and 
the Susquehanna, in the county of Otsego, near the Herkimer county line. 
The western and northern portion of Otsego county are properly within 
the fifth group, but yet its general position and topography make its posi- 
tion in this group proper. 

In the county of Greene, where the mountains recede from the river, 
there is a narrow strip of level land, also along the Mohawk river, in the 
counties of Schenectady and Montgomery, and along the Schoharie creek, 
in the county of Schoharie, tliere are narrow strips of level interval lands, 
but generally, there are few tracts of level land throughout the group. 

Below Greene county, the boundary upon the river is high and mountain- 
ous; in some places, as in Rockland, the mountain range is narrow, and 
slopes to the interior, giving some valleys of desirable land, but generally 
the whole group may be classed as Alpine in its appearance and resources. 

The views from some of the highest accessable peaks of the Catskill 
mountains, are among the grandest in this region of country, embracing as 
they do, the Hudson river, and the eastern counties, and extending into the 
adjoining States. 

A brief description of the several counties composing this group, with 
some of its material statistics which properly belong to this subject, is 
given below. . 



61 
The County of Albany. 

Albanj' county is bouDcled on the east by the Hudson river, north by a 
part of Saratog-a and by the county of Schenectady, west by Schoharie, and 
south by Greene. 

The surface is broken, much of it approaching to hilly or mountainous. 
As a farming county, Albanj'' is ranked in the second class, its soil not be- 
ing suitable for the successful cultivation of winter wheat as a staple crop. 
But it is well adapted to spring grains and to grazing, whether for the 
shambles or for the dairy. The general elevation of the land materially 
modifies both the productiveness of the soil, and the modes of farming it. 

The city of Albany is both a commercial and manufacturing center of in- 
creasing importance, and the hydraulic power furnished by the Mohawk 
river, has already caused the rapid growth of an important manufacturing 
town. 

The advantages thus possessed of good mai-kets easy of access, and the 
importance of commercial and manufacturing facilities, furnished by the 
Hudson river and the railroads converging to its central town, will annu- 
ally increase its population and wealth, and its assessments should receive 
an annual revision. 

Delaware County. 

The county of Delaware is bounded northerly by the county of Schoharie, 
easterly by the county of Greene, southeasterly by parts of the counties of 
Sullivan and Ulster, southerly by the State of Pennsylvania, west by part 
of the county of Broome, and northwesterly by the county of Otsego. 

Its general aspect is mountainous, being within the range of the Catskill 
mountains. It is a purely grazing or dairy county. It is entirely inland and 
isolated from all public woi'ks, except on its southern border, where the 
New York and Erie railroad intersects it for a short distance. It has yet 
large tracts of forests, and such is the uninviting nature of the climate and 
soil that it will be many years before the land will be cleared. 

Its valuations, therefore, will require revision only at intervals of three 
or four years, for it can increase in population and wealth but at a very 
slow rate. The contemplated railroad from Binghamton to Albany, will, 
however, improve the condition of that portion of the territory bordering 
upon Otsego, and materially enhance the valuations of the real estate in 
those towns. 

Greene County. 

The county of Greene is bounded on the north by Albany county, on the 
east by the Hudson river, on the south by Ulster county, and on the west 
by parts of Delaware and Schoharie counties. 

That portion of the county which lies in the valley of the Hudson river, 
is comparatively level, with a generally fertile and first class soil. The re- 
mainder of the county is included in the Catskill mountains, and is there- 
fore broken and mountainous, and to be rated as third class lands, which 
can only be used for grazing or dairy purposes. 

There is some valuable hydraulic power in the valley, but it is not exten- 
sively used. The river furnishes good facilities for marketing, at cheap 



62 

rates, the surplus products of its agriculture, and its population and wealth 
are slowly increasing'; but its valuations will not require a revision oftener 
than every other year, il' as often. 

Montgomery County. 

Monto'omery county is bounded on the east and southeast by the coun- 
ties of Saratoga and Schenectady, south by the counties oi' Schoharie and 
Schenectady, Mrest by the county of Herkimer, aiid noi'th by the county of 
Fulton. 

It lays mostly in the Mohawk valley, and its surface is generally level 
or rolling, and portions hilly. The soil upon the river flats is exceedingly 
valuable, and the whole county in its agricultural capacity is equal to the 
best of the second class counties. Tiie Central railroad and the Erie canal 
traverse it from west to east, and furnish am])]e facilities for developing its 
resources. 

It has considerable hydraulic power now in use, but nothing that will ever 
make it a manufacturing center of importance. 

Its situation is such, however, that it must increase annually in popula- 
tion and Avealth, and its valuations should have an annual revision. 

Orange County. 

Orange county is bounded on the cast by the Hudson river, southeast by 
the county of Rockland, southerly by the New Jersey State line, west by 
Sullivan, and north by Ulster. 

The surface is more or less mountainous, hilly and broken, and embraces 
a great variety of soil, generally well adapted to the spring grains, to graz- 
ing and fruits, and its proximity to New York city and facilities for reach- 
ing that great njarket by railroads and tiie Hudson river, has brought 
nearly all its desirable laud into prolitable cultivation. It is one of tiie 
best of tbe second class counties. It has an imjjortant commercial and 
nianufacturiny center at Newburgh. The population and wealth of the 
county is steadily increasing, not as rapidly, perhaps, as in the counties on 
the opposite side of the river, but still its assessments should be annually 
revised. 

Otsego County. 

The county of Otsego is bounded on the north by the county of Herki- 
mer, on the east by the county of Schoharie, on the south by the county of 
Delaware, on the west by the county of Chenango and part of the county 
of Madison. 

In its general topograph}' it is hilly and broken. The soil is adapted to 
the spring grains and to grazing, and the dairy, and its natural fertility 
ranks it among the best of the second class, or grazing and spring grain 
counties. 

It has much valuable hydraulic power, portions whereof in various parts 
of the county arc now, and have been for a long period of j'-ears, in use, 
but the complete isolation of the county from all facilities of a rapid and 
cheap transit to market, prevents the profitable use of its power, and com- 



63 

pels a valuation much below that of other counties, which do not possess 
the same resources in soil and motive power. 

Whenever a railroad shall bo constructed through the county, connecting' 
it with the other lines of public works of the State, the valuation of its real 
estate should be increased at least ten dollars per acre on the aggregate 
valuation of its farm lands. Such a public work will also develop its other 
resoui'ces, and rapidly increase its population and wealth, and require a 
revision of its valuation annually. At present, and until some such work 
is corstructed, the valuation will not require a new adjustment oftener than 
other inland counties of the second and third class. It is an important 
count}' in its agricultural capacity, and properly opened to market, must 
become a manufacturing center equally as important. 

Rockland County. 

Rockland county is bounded on the east by ihe Hudson river, north- 
westerly by the county of Orange, and southwesterly by the New Jersey 
State line. Its surface is hilly and broken along most of its river front, 
and rolling over the other portions. Its drainage is mainly to the south, 
into New Jersey. The soil is naturally fertile, and, under a better system 
of agriculture, it would, from its position, become a first class county. It 
is gradually impi'oving in its population and wealth, and has now, in its 
railroad and river facilities, abundant means for developing its resources, 
mineral and agricultural. 

It will increase in population and wealth, but at a less rapid rate than 
counties on the opposite side of the river. Its valuations will require revi- 
sion only once in two years. 

Schenectady County. 

Schenectady chunty is bounded on the northeast by Saratoga county, on 
the south by Albany county and part of Schoharie, and on the northwest 
by Montgomery county. 

The surface is mostly level, though a portion of it is rolling and hilly. The 
soil is generally alluvial, and makes the celebrated " Mohawk flats." The 
Mohawk valley comprises nearly all the county. 

As an agricultural county it is not exceeded in the fertility of its soil by 
any other in the State. The Erie canal and Central railroad traverse the 
entire length of its territory, and furnish ample facilities for the develop- 
ing of its resources. It has already a large manufacturing establishment 
at the city of Schenectady, and is gradually increasing in population and 
wealth; and its valuations should be revised at least once in two years. 

Schoharie County. 

Schoharie county is bounded on the east by Albany county and parts of 
Schenectady and Greene, south by Delaware county, west by Otsego county, 
and north by Montgomery county. 

Much of the surface is broken and hilly. Portions of it, however, are 
level, and embrace the intervals along the Schoharie creek. The soil is 
generally well adapted to the spring grains, and to grazing, and winter 



64 

wheat has been gnown to a considerable extent. It is, however, in its 
agricultural capacity, only a second class county. The construction of the 
railroad from Albany to Binghamton, will materially enhance the value of 
the real estate of the county, and contribute much to its prosperity, for it 
only lacks good and cheap transit for its products to become much more 
populous and wealthy. It has some hydraulic power, but not suflBcient to 
warrant its ever becoming a manufacturing centre of any great importance. 
After the railroad is completed, its present valuations will requii'e revision. 
But after that they will not require altering oftener than once in two or 
three years. 

Sullivan County. 

Sullivan county is bounded on the east by Orange county, on the south 
by the New Jersey State line, northwesterly by the county of Delaware, 
and northeasterly by the county of Ulster. 

The surface is mountainous, hilly and broken, and its general elevation 
is such that its agriculture is modified thereby. Its soil is best adapted to 
grazing, and it is a third class or dairy county. It has mineral resources, 
but to what extent is not yet definitely determined, but supposed to be im- 
portant. The New York and Erie Railroad, and the Canal to the Hudson 
river, furnish all necessary facilities for developing its agricultural resour- 
ces. From the nature of its soil, and its position with regard to markets, 
its population and wealth will slowly increase, though it possesses much 
hydraulic power, that might be used for extensive manufacturing purposes. 
Its valuations will require a revision onl}'' once in three or four years. 

Ulster County. 

Ulster county is bounded on the east by the Hudson river, on the south 
by Orange county, on the southwest by Sullivan, on the northwest by Dela- 
ware, and on the north by Greene county. Its surface is mouutainous, 
broken and rocky. As an agricultural county it is only third rate, and 
adapted principally to grazing and the dairy. 

It has large mineral resources, and they are being rapidly developed by 
the facilities of transportation furnished by the Hudson river. The Dela- 
ware and Hudson canal, which has its terminus at Rondout, in this county, 
and connects the navigable waters of the Hudson river with the great coal 
fields of Pennsylvania, is building up villages that are increasing annually 
in wealth and population. Taken as a whole, in all its interests, the gene- 
ral increase of population and wealth will be such as to require a revision 
of its valuations at least once in two years. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Products and their Valua- 
tion, Routes of Traffic, Banking Capital. 

AREA. 

This group is seventeen per cent, of the area of the State, and embraces 

an area of *r,284 square miles, whereof there are : 

Improved 3,380 square miles. 

Unimproved , 3,904 do 

Total square miles 7,284 

The proportion is : 



65 

Improved 46 per ct. 

Unimproved 54 do 

Reduced to acres, at 640 per square mile, and there are : 

Improved acres 2,485,309 

Unimproved acres 2,163,339 

Total acres 4,648,648 

The improved is 46 per cent, of the lands of the whole group, or the 
improved to the unimproved is as 46 to 54. 

The proportion of the improved land to the aggregate improved land of 
the State, is 18 per cent., and the unimproved is 12 per cent, of the aggre- 
gate unimproved land of the State. 

Of the unimproved land, there will be cleared up and added to the im- 
proved, principally for pasturage, about 500,000 acres. The largest por- 
tion will be in Delaware and Ulster counties, but small additions will be 
made in the counties of Sullivan, Schoharie and Greene. Beyond that 
number of acres, the balance must ever remain waste and unimproved, 
owing to the mountainous nature of the land. 

POPUL.A.TION. 

The aggregate population is : 

Village 261,055 

Rural 185,874 

City 71,946 

Total population 529,875 

The proportion of each is : 

Village 42 per ct. 

Rural 36 do 

City 22 do 

The aggregate population is 13 per cent of the State. 

The incorporated cities are Albany and Schenectady. Among the large 
towns are Newburgh, Kingston, Rondout, Nyack and Catskill. 

Each have advantages in their position that will insure increasing popu- 
lation and wealth. 

There is a tendency in this group to concentrate population, for already 
the city and village population is 64 per cent. 

The rural population has reached its maximum, and hereafter will 
decrease rather than increase. 

THE DENSITY OF POPULATION. 

Total population to total area is 10 inhabitants to the square mile. 
But to the improved it is 134 to the square mile. While the rural popu- 
lation to the whole area is only 25.5 to the square mile. There are how- 
ever 48 rural inhabitants to the square mile of improved land. 

The average size of farms is 80 acres of improved land, or 13.5 acres to 
each rural inhabitant. 

VALUATIONS. 

The cash value of farms, stock and implements by the State census of 
1855, was : 

Farms $125,814,773 

Stock 17,720,784 

Implements and tools 5,436,771 

Total capital invested in agriculture $148,972,328 

[T. C. P.] 9 ' 



66 
The average value of farms, stock, and tools and implements, per acre is: 

Farms, per acre $51 00 

Stock, do 7 00 

Implements, per acre 1 70 

Total $59 70 

The whole average capital invested in the farm is : 

Farm $4,080 

Stock 560 

Implements 113 

Total invested $4,753 

The aggregate value of all the real estate in the group is : 

Farmlands $125,814,773 

Village and corporation 20,500,000 

City 24,500,000 

Total value of real estate $170,814,773 

The miles of traffic routes are : 

Hudson river 20 

Railroads 329 

Canal 144 

Total miles 693 

The proportion square miles of area to 1 mile of traffic routes is as 12 to 
1, or 12 square miles to one mile of route. 

The valuations of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal 
estate by the town assessors, whereon the report of the board of equaliza- 
tion for the years 1862 and 1863, was based are as follows: 

Farm lands $108,826,284 

Village and corporation real estate 20,200,000 

City real estate 24,500,000 

Total value of real estate $153,526,284 

Personal estate 24, 362, 577 

Total value of real and personal estate i $177,888,861 

The details of the above are tabulated in table B of the appendix to this 
group. 

The banking capital employed in 1861, was $8,655,917. 

The details of the above valuations are tabulated and shown in table C 
of the appendix to this group. 

DISTRIBUTION OF FARM LANDS. 

Pasture, acres $1,028,643 

Meadow, acres 693,603 

Total in grass, acres $1,724,246 

The proportion of acres in grass to the whole cultivated or improved 
land is — 

Pasture 41 per ot. 

Meadow 28 do 

Total grass 69 do 



61 

Therefore 69 acres out of every 100 is in grass either as pasture or 
meadow. 

Spring wheat, acres 13,400 

Winter wheat, do 21,887 

Oats, do 283,460 

Rye, do 106,368 

Barley, do 10,603 

Total in white straw crops, acres 435,718 

This is n per cent of the improved land in straw crops. 

Buckwheat , 104,467 

Corn > 100,176 

Peas 8,824 

Beans 1,246 

Total fodder crops 214,713 

Potatoes, acres 36,059 

Turnips, do 1,280 

Total root acres 37,339 

Flax acres '. 2,678 

Hops, acres 5,394 

Market gardens 1,513 

Total in mercantile crops 9,085 

Recapitulation. 

Total acres in white straw crops 435,718 

do in fodder do 214,713 

do in roots do 37,339 

do in mercantile do 9,087 

Total acres under cultivation 696,857 

Which is 28 per cent of the improved land, and leaves only the small 
fraction of 3 per cent of the improved land unaccounted for, and may be 
included in orchards. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Hay tons 658,109 $6,581,090 

Grass seed bush 21,176 42,352 

Spring wheat bush 121,466 182,191 

Winter do 137,267 206,901 

Oatg do 4,466,093 1,239,627 

Rye do 1,066,047 852,838 

Barley do 147,354 117,883 

Buckwheat do 838,394 419,197 

Corn do 2,007,582 1,606,065 

Peas do 112,316 89,853 

Beans do 15,892 31,784 

Total bushels of grain 8,911,411 

Potatoes 1,964,041 982,020 

Turnips 141, 047 14,105 

Total roots 2,105,088 

Flaxseed 12,369 18,554 

Lint, lbs 1,406,428 140,643 

Hops, lbs » 3,886,620 388,662 

Apples, bush 2,025,800 202,680 

Cider, bbls 47,476 47,476 

Straw 500,000 

Total annual value of vegetable products $13,356,988 



en . 

The aggregate grain products are equal to 14 bushels per acre upon the 
land cultivated with grain crops. 

The average aggregate value of the annual vegetable products of the 
groups upon the improved land, exclusive of pasturage, is $9.65 per acre. 

ANIMALS, AND VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS. 

Meat cattle, total number 390,681 

Meat cattle, under 1 year 57, 245 

Meat cattle, over 1 year, exclusive of working oxen and cows 95,906 

"Working oxen 28,965 

Cows 208,905 

Cattle killed for beef 38,537 

Horses, whole number 90,372 

Mules, do 474 

Sheep, do 388,339 

Sheep shorn do 267,612 

Whole number reduced to cattle, at 7 sheep for 1 head 55,491 

Whole number of cattle or their equivalent 537,018 

The aggregate of improved land to cattle is one animal to 45 acres of 
land. 

Of cows, there is one to 12 acres. The proportion of cows to the aggre- 
gate of State is 19 per cent. 

The proportion of cows to the cattle of the group, or their equivalent, is 
89 per cent. But the proportion of cows to neat cattle is 53 per cent. 

Swine under 6 months old 116,391 

Swine over 6 months 91,446 

Total number of swine 207,837 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE, 

Wool, lbs. 919,796 10c. $367,918 

Butter, lbs 20,179,693 20c. 4,035,939 

Cheese, lbs 3,527,482 10c. 352,748 

Milk sold, gallons 5,553,581 8c. 444,286 

Poultry, value sold Ul'^^ll 447,373 

Eggs sold 270,116 i 

Total value of animal products, exclusive of cattle killed and sold $5,648,264 

Add the value of swine over six months old, 91,446, $12 per head, 1,097,352 
As this is a grazing district, all the cattle killed should be added, 

viz., 38,537 head at $20 per head 770,740 

One -third of the cattle over one year old, exclusive of those killed, 

viz., 31,969 head, at $20 639,380 

One-tenth of the horses, as probably sold, viz., 9,837, at $30.... 271,111 

One-fourth of the sheep may be assumed as sold, viz 194,218 

Total value of animals and animal products $8,621,065 

A portion of the hay and straw of this group are exported. But as the 
surface of the country in the interior, from the Hudson river, is mountain- 
ous, and there are but few routes whereby such bulky articles can be 
brought to market profitably, it is perhaps but fair to assume that there are 
not to exceed 100,000 tons of hay exported, and about $100,000 worth of 
straw sold for export. 

Owing to the market facilities furnished by the canals and river, it may 
be safely assumed that the oats, rye and barley are made a surplus or mar- 
keting crop. Corn and peas are generally consumed on the farm; beans 
only being sold. A portion of the potato crop is sold, perhaps not to ex- 
ceed one-fourth, for the article is too bulky and cheap to bear long trans- 
portation. The same may be said with regard to apples and cider; not 



69 

over one- third of this product reaching a market. But flax seed and lint, 

hops and grass seed, are all marketed. The value of surplus of vegetable 

products annually, would be about as follows, viz. : 

Hay, tons 100,000, at $10 $1,000,000 

Straw 1 00,000 

Grass seed 42,352 

Oats 1,239,527 

Rye 852,838 

Barley 117, 883 

Beans 31,784 

Potatoes 245,605 

Apples and cider 83,352 

Flax seed and lint 159,197 

Hops 388,662 

Total value of annual surplus of vegetable products $4,261,100 

Surplusanimal products.... 5,648,264 

Total value of annual surplus products of the farm $9,909,364 

This sum is equal to $4 per acre of the improved land, and would make 
the annual average income of the farms upon the improved land, equal to 
$320, or not far from seven per cent, upon the capital invested. 

The indications of thrift, over the largest portion of this group, are such 
that the improving condition of the inhabitants cannot be mistaken. 

Away from the great thoroughfares that border it, the accumulations of 
wealth must be made. by slow degrees and by industry and a rigid economy. 
Nor will the interior ever be other than a grazing and dairy region. 

As a dairy region, especially for butter, it has no rival in this State, at 
least. The pure water and air, and the sweet herbage of the mountain 
pastures of this region, enable the skillful dairy woman to send from these 
hills and valleys, butter which has no rival, and deservedly commands the 
highest price wherever known. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The soil and climate over the largest portion of this group, admit of but 
little variety in its agriculture. Pasturage and the dairy must ever remain 
the occupation of its rural population. Their industry may be varied to 
some extent, but their true wealth will be most increased by increasing 
their annual animal surplus. The soil has the mineral elements of a per- 
petual fertility, for the rocks of nearly all parts of this group contain either 
lime or potash in appreciable quantities. Thus it will always be in the 
power of the farmer to increase his store by a judicious management of his 
soil. He cannot amend the climate, which owing to the elevation of the 
great proportion of the land, will partake more or less of Alpine rigors, yet 
he can, by adopting a system of farming suited to its peculiarities, mitigate 
its rigors. 

The attempt to raise grain to any extent beyond the absolute necessities 
of the farm, except in favored localities, is poor economy. Grass, in pas- 
ture or meadow, should be the great object of every farmer, and all his en- 
ergies should be directed to this end, and he must regard this as the sheet- 
anchor of his success. He should regard a good turf as more important 
than his wife's best carpet, and be quite as careful of its preservation. The 
plow should be used as sparingly as possible, and manure husbanded 
with the greatest care, and applied vfith a liberal hand. The time has 



10 

come when the farmer may add to his surplus crops, flax and the sugar 
beet. One prepares the way for the other, and both come well within the 
means of the dairy farmer. Neither impoverish the soil, and both add to 
the manurial resources of the farm, for only one ton in five of flax need to 
be carried from the farm, and the balance forms the choicest kind of bed- 
ding for stalled animals. And one ton out of five of the gross products of 
the beet is excellent forage for cows. 

Thus, by growing less grain, the farmer will be able to increase his 
gains, to increase his manurial resources, to keep more animals, and to 
make more manure, which after all is his best crop. He will reach that 
point of all good farming which is indicated by the increase of his herd, 
without increasing his acres. 

The more manure the more cattle, the more cattle the more manure. 

The general prosperity of this district, therefore, is by the increase of its 
grass products. 

The cultivation of hops is carried on largely in this group, Otsego county 
being the great central hop growing county of the State. Fifty-seven per 
cent, of all the land in hop gardens in this State is in this group; and fifty- 
four per cent, of all the hops grown are also grown here. 

Mr. Caird,* in speaking of the great hop district in Sussex, England, 
where from 10,000 to 12,000 acres are annually cultivated in hops, thus speaks 
of the uncertain returns from hop farming: " This plant requires the richest 
scil of the farm, and receives nearly all the manure produced, robbing the corn 
and root crops of the share which rightfully belongs to them. The farmer's 
attention is concentrated on his hop garden, and the rest of his farm 
receives very little of his regard, and hardly any of his capital. The ope- 
ration of the duty gives the business a gambling character. A favorable 
season with a large yield of hops is disastrous to the farmer, as the market 
value of the article falls, \yhile the duty swells in proportion to the bulky 
character of the crop. When the crop is a short one the farmer prospers, 
as the price of the hops rises and the total amount of duty falls. There is 
thus a constant succession of chances, extraordinary prices being some- 
times realized, which tempt men to futher adventure, and withdraw them 
from that steady, persevering industry without which agriculture cannot 
be profitably carried on. The uncertainty of prices and crops, and the 
peculiar bearing of the duty, are such that very few of the hop farmers' 
are enriched by it, many are ruined, and still more are kept on the verge 
of bankruptcy. It is very probable, therefore, that if the cultivation of 
hops were to cease, it would in the end be no loss to the Sussex farmer, as 
his richest land would then be released for the growth of crops of a less 
hazardous kind, and the rest of his farm receive a fair share of manure and 
cultivation." 

The condition of the farms throughout this group, as well as in others, 
where hops were made the leading feature, fully confirms the remarks of 
Mr. Caird, and the opinion of some of the best financial men of Otsego 
county, as well as some of its wisest and most skillful farmers, confirms 



•Caird's English Agriculture, 1850-61. 



71 

the belief that the abandonment of hop culture in that county, at least, 
would add largely to the permanent prosperity of the bulk of farmers 
engaged in it. That as a subordinate branch of farming, it may be made 
as profitable as other branches, is perhaps true to a certain extent; but 
that any crop which returns nothing to the land in manure, but yet requires 
large quantities to ensure a profitable cultivation, will in the long run be 
found to add to the permanent prosperity of the farmer, is exceedingly 
doubtful. 

In my opinion, the increased culture of this plant ought not to be 
encouraged. 



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CHAPTER Vni. 

Gkoup IV : Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Counties Described — Clinton, Essex, Frank- 
lin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren — Area — Population — 
Valuations of Land — Farms — Routes of TraflBc — Aggregate — Value of Real and Personal 
Estate — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — Vegetable Products — Value — Animals — Pro- 
ducts and Value — Aggregate Products — Annual Value of Farm Products — Agriculture — Sug- 
gestions when Land first Cleared — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Fi- 
nancial . 

GROUP IV. 

Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, 
Saratoga, Warren — 9. 

BOUNDARIES, &C. 

This group is bounded east by the west line of Washington county and 
by Lake Champlain, north by Canada East, northwest by the St. Lawrence 
river, southwest and west by the counties of Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida, 
and south by the counties of Otsego, Montgomery, Schenectady and Albany. 
Its greatest length is from Glens Falls, in Saratoga county, to the north- 
west corner of Franklin county, and is about one hundred and thirty-five 
miles. Its average breadth is not far from one hundred miles. This group 
constitutes an entire whole, and as the northe?n division of the State, is 
susceptible of no subdivision which will convey an adequate idea of its 
agricultural capacities, it may be considered as an isolated portion of the 
State, bordered by three great valleys — the valley of Champlain in the east, 
the Mohawk on the south, and the St. Lawrence on the north and west. 
The adjacent country slopes towards each of these valleys, more or less 
abruptly. Topographically considered, this group presents one great range 
of highlands, which stretch diagonally across the country, from Little Falls, 
on the Mohawk river, in Herkimer county, to Trimbleau Point, on Lake 
Champlain, in Clinton county. 

Geologically considered it is one great uplift, with gradual but unequal 
slopes on all sides. Still the country does not slope from a continuous 
ridge, but rather towards all the valleys which almost surround this group. 
There is a culminating point in the region of the greatest elevation, from 
which the several slopes proceed. 

To a person placed upon one of the most commanding eminences, the 
whole country would appear studded with a multitude of peaks, which at 
first are irregular and without order, but on further examination an orderly 
disposition of the mountain masses becomes evident. 

These masses may be arranged into chains or ranges, each of which pur- 
sues a course from the northeast to the southwest, and have evidently 
given direction and force to the great northern current which has swept up 
through the valley of the St. Lawrence, between the termination of this 
range and the commencement of the Laurentian range, which bounds the 
valley on its northern side. 

These mountain ranges do not present a uniform unbroken ridge, but are 
made up of subordinate short ridges, whose axes are oblique to the axis of 
the main range wherein they are situated. The axis may be called the 



78 

major and minor axis of the range. The former lies in the principal direc- 
tion which the range pursues, which is fi'om the southwest to the northeast, 
the latter in the direction of the short, uninterrupted ridges, which is from 
the southeast to the northwest.* 

The highest mountains in the State are in these ranges, reaching an ele- 
vation of over 5,300 feet, and their peaks within the range of perpetual 
frost. 

The table land and lakes have an elevation of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet. 
The broken condition of its surface, together witli its general altitude, pre- 
sents but little attraction to the agriculturist, and except upon its northern 
slope in the counties of St. Lawrence and Franklin, and its northeastern 
along the Canada line, in Clinton county, the general condition will be that 
of wilderness, broken only by now and then a sparse settlement of some 
hardy pioneers, who find their profits not in the cultivation of the soil but 
in hunting and fishing, and boarding the summer tourist who seeks in these 
wilds for the solitude and grandeurs of an Alpine region. 

The mountains of Essex, the lakes and waterfalls of Hamilton and War- 
ren have attractions, that once seen and known, will be sure to draw an 
annually increasing crowd from the sweltering cities to admire and become 
invigorated by their pure air and limpid waters. 

These lakes amount in number to several hundreds, and range in size 
from those covering a few acres to the dimensions of 35 miles in length, 
and situated at an elevation of nearly 2,000 feet above tide water, and the 
surrounding mountains often reaching an elevation of 3,000 feet above the 
surface of the lakes. 

The attention of the public has often been called to this interesting re- 
gion. But comparatively few people are aware that a territory, equal in 
size to the superficial area of several of the separate States of the Union, 
lies in the bosom of the State, touching on one extremity the long occupied 
and thickly populated valley of the Mohawk, and encircled by a highly cul- 
tivated and matured country, is still shrouded in its primeval forests. This 
territory embraces Hamilton county, parts of Oneida and Lewis, in addition 
to considerable portions of all the other counties of the group, and extends 
over one hundred miles in length by about eighty miles in breadth. 

A large portion of this territory is mountainous and impracticable to cul- 
ture, for here is found the loftiest mountains east of the Mississippi river. 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT OR FUTURE 

VALUATION, 

Clinton County. 

Clinton county is bounded on the north by the Canada line, on the east 
by Lake Champlain, on the south by the county of Essex, and on the west 
by the county of Franklin. 

The surface is generally rolling or mountainous. The soil of the eastern 
and northeastern portions is much superior to the balance of the county. 

• Natural History of State of New York. — [Euuons. 



It is on the extreme northeastern part of the State, and a frontier county. 
Its climate modifies the productiveness of its soil, and it is at best but a 
third rate county. Its railroad connection with the New England States 
and the Canadas, with the advantage of a connection with the Champlain 
canal, give it great facilities for market, and if it had a more congenial soil 
and climate would make it a second class county. 

One of the State prisons are located in this county, but its inmates can- 
not be supported from the surplus of its soil. 

It has, in the iron mines, an inexhaustible supply of the most valuable ores; 
and there are some furnaces and other manufacturing done in the county; 
but there is no important manufacturing centre, nor can the present popu- 
lation subsist from the products of the soil in the county. Its valuations 
will not require revision oftener than once in five years. 

Essex County. 

Essex county is bounded on the east by Lake Champlain, south by the 
county of Warren, west by part of the counties of Hamilton and Franklin. 

Its surface is broken and mountainous, and its soil thin, and adapted 
mainly to grass. For agricultural purposes, it is one of the least valuable 
in the State. Its mineral resources are apparently exhaustless, and will 
in their development attract a considerable population. But the population 
cannot be adequately supported by the products of its soil. It has no 
public woi-ks, and its only facilities for marketing its mineral products are 
furnished by Lake Champlain, through the Champlain canal. So slowly 
will its population and wealth increase, that a review of its valuations 
will not be necessary oftener than once in ten years. 

Franklin County. 

Franklin county is bounded on the north by the Canada line, east by 
Clinton and part of Essex counties, south by part of Essex and Hamilton, 
and on the west by St. Lawrence county. It lies wholly within the region 
known as the " Northern Wilderness," and its surface is mountainous and 
broken, and more than two-thirds covered with lakes and forests. Its soil 
is uninviting for agricultural purposes, except a portion of its noi'thern 
border. Like the rear of all the counties bordering upon the Adirondacs, 
centuries may elapse before it is sufficiently cleared of its forests to make 
room for agricultural occupation by even a very sparse population. It is 
now one of the least valuable counties in the State. It has extensive 
hydraulic power, which is used to some extent at Malone, a flourishing vil- 
lage, and a manufacturing centre of some importance. 

The only public work is the Northern railroad, crossing its northern 
border from east to west, which furnishes ample facilities for developing 
all its resources. Its population will increase very slowly, and its valua- 
tions will require revising only at intervals of six or eight years. 

Fulton County. 

Fulton county is bounded on the east by the county of Saratoga, south 
by Montgomery, west by Herkimer, and north by Hamilton. It lies on the 



80 

southern slope of the great northern or Adirondac region, and is of a hilly 
and broken surface, with generally a thin, stony soil, adapted to grass 
more than to grain. It is for agricultural purposes only a third class 
county, and as it regards public works entirely inland. There is consider, 
able hydraulic power, which is used to some extent for manufacturing pur- 
poses. It has no important manufacturing centre, and although it has an 
easy access to the Erie canal and Central railroad, yet the population and 
wealth will increase slowly, and its valuations will require revision not 
oftener than four or five years. 

Hamilton County. 

Hamilton county is bounded on the east by part of the counties of Essex 
and Warren, south by Fulton west by Herkimer, north by parts of St. 
Lawrence and Franklin, It lays entirely within the Adirondac region, or 
the region of the northern wilderness. Its surface is broken, hilly, and 
more or less mountainous, nearly covered with forests and lakes, and its 
soil mainly granite, thin and uncongenial, and not desirable for agricultu- 
ral purposes. It is the least valuable of any county in the State; nor has 
it any resources to ever make it desirable for agriculture or manufacturing. 

The value of its lauds, as well as extensive tracts adjoining it on all 
sides, can be largely increased if the contemplated railroad from the Hud- 
son to Lake Ontario be ever constructed. Such a work would be the 
means of developing the mineral resources of this entire region, and its 
proximity to the navigable waters of the Hudson river and of Lake Onta- 
rio would warrant an expenditure on the part of the State, if necessary 
to insure the completion of such an important work, that -would assist to 
clear its forests, and open it out to agriculture. The people of this State 
cannot afford to leave as unproductive a tract of land — equal in extent to 
the State of Connecticut — which can be reached from its great commercial 
emporium by railroad in less than four hours. Good policy dictates that 
it should be placed in a condition to pay its portion of the public burthen. 

Herkimer County. 

Herkimer county is bounded on the east by the counties of Montgomery, 
Fulton and Hamilton, north by St. Lawrence county, west by Lewis and 
Oneida, and south by Otsego. Its surface is bi'oken, hilly, and mountainous; 
more than one-half of the county, or that part north of the Mohawk Val- 
ley, lies within the Adirondac or northern wilderness, and the remarks 
applied to Hamilton county will apply equally well to it. That portion 
which lies in the Mohawk Valley, and south of it, is prime dairy and sec- 
ond class grain lands, and it ranks in its agricultural capacities with the 
best of the second class counties. 

It has the benefit of the Erie canal and Central railroad, across its terri- 
tory from east to west. They are not only ample to furnish all the facili- 
ties for developing its agricultural resources, but help to make Little Falls 
by reason of its manufacturing, a centre of considerable importance. It 
has important hydraulic power, which is more or less improved, and at 
Little Falls important manufacturing establishments are in operation. 

It is a thriving county, and its advantages are such that it must increase 



81 

both in population and wealth, and its valuations should be revised at least 
as often as once in two years. 

St. Lawrence County. 

St. Lawrence county is bounded on the north by the St. Lawrence river, 
on the east by the county of Franklin, south by the counties of Hamilton 
and Herkimer, and westerly by the counties of Lewis and Jefferson. 

It is emphatically a frontier county, having a longer frontage upon the 
State line than any other county in the State. Its surface, except a nar- 
row strip along the river, is mountainous, broken and hilly, and more than 
two-thirds of all its acres are unimproved and covered to a large extent 
with forests that no probable system of public works will bring into mar- 
ket, except by slow degrees. It lies on the northern slope of the great 
northern wilderness, and more than a million of acres of its lands partake 
of the general characteristics of that region, and the same remarks applied 
to other sections of it, apply equally well to this portion of the county. A 
strip of land bordering upon the St. Lawrence river, and from twenty to 
thirty miles inland, embraces all the valuable and improved lands of the 
county. The soil, here, is well adapted to the spring grains and to grass, 
^.nd compares favorably with any second class count}'^ in the State, and 
would bear an assessment upon its farm lands of not less than $20 per acre, 
whilst the balance of the county should not be rated higher than one dollar 
per acre. 

It has immense hydraulic power, practically inexhaustible, and not sur- 
passed by any other county in the State, not even excepting Erie or 
Niagara; but at present, it, in most instances, runs to waste. At some fu- 
ture day it may become a manufacturing centre of great importance. It 
has good railroad facilities for reaching the eastern markets of New Eng- 
land, or the southern ones of this State. 

In its improved portion it is a prosperous and thriving agricultural 
county, and -its valuations will require a revision once in two or three years. 

Saratoga County. 

Saratoga county is bounded on the east by the Hudson river, on the north 
by the county of Warren, on the west by parts of Fulton and Hamilton, 
and on the south by parts of Schenectady and Albany counties. The sur- 
face of its northern and western portion partakes of the general features of 
the northern wilderness, of which it is the eastern limit, broken, rough and 
mountainous. Its southeastern part along and near the river has excel- 
lent land, but generally the soil is poor and thin, and for agricultural pur- 
poses it is to be ranked as only in the second class. It has much valuable 
hydraulic power, and by means of the Champlain canal and its railroads, 
possesses abundant means for their profitable employment. If the contem- 
plated railroad to Lake Ontario should ever be constructed, it will help still 
further to its improvement. It is by means of its medicinal springs and its 
manufacturing, already an important centre to which population is being 
drawn annually, and its worth is necessarily increasing. Its valuations, 
however, will not require revision oftener than once in two or three years. 

[T. C. P.] 11 



82 
Warren County. 

Warren county is bounded on the east by part of Washington county 
and Lake George, on the south by Saratoga county, on the west by the 
county of Hamilton, and on the north by the county of Essex, 

Its surface is generally mountainous, broken and rocky. The soil, where 
cleared of the original forest, is thin, cold, and not naturally fertile or pro- 
ductive, and is of little value beyond the production of grass. Its cold and 
uncongenial climate renders its agriculture of little importance; and the 
cultivation of the spring grains usually makes the farmer but scanty re- 
turns. It is at best only a third class or dairying county, and one of the 
least valuable in the State; yet if the contemplated railroad should be con- 
structed, so that its timber and mineral resources can be developed, the 
real estate will be much more valuable than at present. The county, how- 
ever, lays on the eastern slope of the great Adirondac region, and the 
same remarks in regard to other counties included therein, will apply to 
this county with equal force. It will increase very slowly in population 
and wealth, and its valuations will require revision not oftener than once 
in five years. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations and Commercial 

Routes. 

This group is 24 per cent, of the surface of the whole State, and embraces 

an area of 10,047 square miles, whereof there are : 

Improved, square miles 2,880 

Unimproved do 7)167 

The proportion therefor, is : 

Improved 29 per ot. 

Unimproved 71 do 

Reduced to acres, at 640 acres to the square mile, and there are: 

Improved acres 1,842,990 

Unimproved acres 4,786,660 

Total acres 6,639,650 

The improved is 29 per cent, of the whole, or 29 acres only out of every 
100 are improved. The proportion of improved land of the group, to the 
improved land of the State, is 13 per cent. 

POPULATION. 

The aggregate.population is 329,385. There being no incorporated cities 
in the group, it is divided as follows, viz: 

Rural 189,306 

Village 140,079 

Total 329,385 

The proportion of each is : 

Rural 58 per cent. 

Village 42 do 

The density of the population is, total population to total area, 33 per- 
sons to the square mile, or one inhabitant to every 19 acres of land. 

Of the rural population there are 17 to the square mile, or 38 acres of 
the whole area to each person. The aggregate population to the aggregate 



83 

improved square mile is 114 persons, or dropping fractions, six acres to 

each individual. But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of 

improved land is 66, or 11 acres to each person, which makes the average 

number of improved acres in each farm 66. 

The cash valuation of farms, stock and implements, by the State census 

of 1856, was: 

Cash valuation of farms... $70,830,044 

do of stock 11,713,835 

do of implements 2,776,998 

Total value of capital invested in agriculture $85, 31 9,877 

The average value of farms, stock and implements per acre, improved, is: 

Farms, per acre $38 00 

Stock, do 6 00 

Implements, per acre 1 50 



$45 50 



The whole average farming capital invested is 



Farms $2,508 

Stock 396 

Implements. 99 

Total invested $3,003 

The aggregate value of all the real estate in the group is : 

Farmlands .- $70,830,044 

Villages and corporation 8,800,000 

Non-resident 1,000,000 

Total $80,-630,044 

The principal villages are Ogdensburgh, Saratoga Springs, Malone and 
Little Falls, each of which have the elements of progressive increase, both 
in population and wealth. 

The total miles of route for commercial traffic is 516, as follows: 

Railroad 318 

Canals 87 

Lake Ill 

Total miles 516 

The proportion of square miles of area to one mile of traffic route, is one 
mile of these public routes to nineteen square miles of surface. 

The valuations of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal es- 
tate by the town assessors, upon which the report of the Board of Equaliza- 
tion was based, for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows: 

Farm lands $55,082,165 

Village and corporation real estate 8,800,000 

Total real estate $63,882,165 

personal 9,009, 140 

Total personal and real estate $72,891,305 

The details are tabulated and shown in table B, of the appendix to this 
group 

The banking capital in 1861 was $2,103,525, The details are tabulated 
in table C; of the appendix to this group. 



84 

DISTRIBUTION OF FARM LAND. 

Pasture, acres 769,468 

Meadow, acres 523,730 

Total acres in grass 1,293,198 

The proportion of acres in grass to the whole area of cultivated or im- 
proved land is: 

Pasture '• 42 per cent. 

Meadow 28 do 

Total percentage of grass 70 do 

Thus we see that seventy acres of every hundred of the improved land is 

either in pasture or meadow. 

Spring wheat, acres 54,982 

Winter wheat, acres 9,333 

Oats, acres 159,614 

Bye, acres 25,873 

Barley, acres 7,243 

Total acres in white straw crops 257,046 

Buckwheat, acres 34,484 

Corn, acres 82,950 

Peas, acres 11,684 

Beans, acres 1,863 

Total acres in fodder crops 130,881 

Potatoes, acres 41,214 

Turnips, acres 622 

Total acres in roots 41,736 

Flax acres 561 

Hops, acres 1,319 

Market gardens, acres 295 

Total acres in commercial crops 2,175 

^ 431,837 



Total acres under cultivation, exclusive of pasture and meadow, 431,637, 
or 24 per cent, of the whole area of improved land; leaving a fraction, 
about six per cent, of the improved lands unaccounted for, but which are 
included in orchards and errors of census. 

The proportion under cultivation in the group to the whole imprmred 
land of the State is 13 per cent. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Hay, tons 455,636 $3,645,088 

Grass seed, bushels 15,140 30,280 

Spring wheat, bushels 524,557 655,696 

Winterwheat, do 56,347 70,436 

Oats, do 3,054,392 916,318 

Rye, do 256,282 205,026 

Barley, do 118,079 94,463 

Buckwheat, do 314,532 157,266 

Corn, • do 1,552,042 1,241,633 

Peas, do 158,112 146,490 

Beans, do 21,199 42,398 

Total grain product (bushels) 6,058,542 

Potatoes, bushels 2,919,157 729,789 

Turnips, do 66,825 6,683 

Total roots (bushels) 2,985,982 



85 

Flax seed, bushels 6,623 9,785 

Flax lint, lbs 556,585 55,658 

Hops,lb3 .; 970,203 97,020 

Apples, bush 1,043,658 104,366 

Cider, bbls 24,379 24,379 

Market garden value of products 20, 127 

Total value of vegetable products «. $8,255,898 



The average annual value of the vegetable products per acre of the im- 
proved land is $4,41 per acre. 

The average annual product of grain upon the improved acre is three 
bushels. 

ANIMALS AND VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS. 

Neat cattle, total number $290,456 

Under one year • 40,732 

Over one year, exclusive of working oxen and cows. . 78,533 

Working oxen - 17,366 

Cows 153,825 

Horses 70,773 

Mules 121 

Sheep 295,063 

Number shorn 225, 360 

Reducing the sheep to an equivalent of horses or cattle, being 
regarded as seven to one, and they are equal to cattle 42,152 

Whole number of neat cattle, or their equivalent in horses and 



$403,502 

The whole number of improved acres to each head of neat cattle is forty- 
five, and to each cow twelve acres. 

The proportion of cows to the total stock is thirty-eight per cent., and to 

all the cows in the State fifteen per cent. ; but of the neat cattle of the 

group the proportion of cows is fifty-three per cent. 

Swine under six months old 52,663 

Swine over six months old 54,237 

Total swine 106,900 



ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Wool, lbs 775,773 $310,309 

Butter, lbs 11,015,800 1,662,370 

Cheese, lbs 11,884,219 1,188,421 

Milk, galls , 208,287 16,663 

Poultry, value sold 76,729 

Eggs, value sold 115,325 

Total value of poultry and products $192,054 192,054 



Total value of animal products, exclusive of animals sold $3,369,817 

To this sum must be added for the value of swine over six months 
old, which represents the surplus sold, 54,237 head, at $10 per 
head 542,370 

Also the value of cattle killed, as these would be the product of 

the locality, 20, 014 head, at $20 per head 40, 280 

One. third of the cattle over one year old may be assumed as sold 

exclusive of those killed for beef, 29,266 head, at $20 per head, 686,320 

One-tenth of the whole number of horses are assumed to be sold 

annually, 7,700 head, at $30 per head 231,000 

Annual number of sheep sold equal to one-fourth of whole num- 
ber, makes 73,766 head, at $2 per head 147,532 

Total animal products $4,876,319 



As this is purely a dairy and grazing group, the products of animals rep- 
resent the surplus products of its agriculture, except in wheat, flax seed 



86 

and lint, and in hops and barley. All the other vegetable products are 

represented in the animal products. Its surplus agricultural products will 

be as follows, viz: 

Total animal products $4,876,319 

Flax seed and lint 65,443 

Hops 97,020 

Barley 94,463 

Wheat 726,132 

Total surplus products of agriculture $5,859,44S 

Which is |3.n per acre for each of its improved acres. 

The average number of acres of improved land to each farm being 66, it 
follows that the average annual surplus of the farm is $209.88, or not far 
from 6| per cent, upon the capital invested in the farm. 

Throughout nearly the whole of this region the population present 
appearances of thrift and prosperity, especially in the agricultural portion 
of it, near the great lines of traflBc. 

AGRICULTURE. 

In its agriculture, this group must ever remain a purely grazing district. 
In St. Lawrence county, along the borders of the river, and inland for some 
twenty or thirty miles, spring grains may be grown to some extent, though 
not profitably as compared with dairy and grazing. In some favored 
localities in Franklin and Clinton, and in the southeastern corner of Sara- 
toga county, and in that portion of Herkimer county south of the Mohawk 
river, some spring grains may also be grown. But a primary or granitic 
region does not furnish a grain growing soil. Yet when properly managed, 
it becomes valuable for pasturage. 

The vast tract of forest which now covers nearly 75 per cent, of the 
surface of this group, is being slowly removed. The means of transport- 
ing timber and wood to markets are being improved and enlarged, and as 
long as fuel and lumber bear the remunerating prices they do now, the 
forest will disappear rapidly in the more accessible portions, and the land 
thus cleared if judiciously managed, will soon produce annual returns in 
the profit of its pasturage. 

A serious mistake has been made heretofore in management of the new 
lands of this group. 

The temptation to seed the newly cleared land with grain, as long as it 
could be made to produce even a scanty crop, could not be resisted by the 
needy pioneer, and the result has been the land has become so completely 
impoverished that the third crop has usually exhausted the vegetable mat- 
ter of the soil, not even grass, or any other vegetation which would support 
animal life, has been produced, and the land remains worthless for any pur- 
poses of cultivation, for it is not in the power of the farmer to furnish the 
manure necessary to renovate the hungry soil. 

The true method to be pursued in regard to the lands over nearly all this 
group, is to seed them down to grass and white clover with the first crop 
after being cleared. The vegetable matter then in the soil will aid in pro- 
ducing a strong turf, which becomes the more valuable the longer it 
remains. In the counties of Dutchess and Putnam, they have pastures 
upon their rocky hills which have been in grass for fifty, sixty, and in some 



87 

instances, nearly or quite a hundred years, that the owners would not have 
plowed up, if such a thing were possible, for any reasonable consideration, 
so valuable have they become by reason of the richness of the food thus 
furnished to their cattle and sheep. 

The true policy of the farmers in this region, where the land is newly 
cleared, is to lay it down to grass as soon as possible, and to make their 
meadows and pastures perpetual. By so doing, valuable sheep walks may 
be established, and an otherwise forbidding farming country, by reason of 
its climate and soil, becomes comparatively prosperous. 

The great value of this region, after its forests have been converted to 
lumber, will be in its mines, which are now only partially brought to light. 
It is already known that iron ore of the richest quality abounds to an inex- 
haustible extent. Galena has been found, and it is not improbable that 
silver and other valuable ores will yet be found abundant in its rugged 
mountains. Chance or science may yet divulge its hidden treasure, and 
though its soil can only support a very sparse population, the contents of 
its subsoil will fill it with thriving, populous towns. 

In the distribution of its improved land, we have seen that 10 per cent, 
is in grass, whereof 42 per cent, is pasturage. This indicates that the 
agriculture is that of stock raising and the dairy country, where stall feed- 
ing cannot be practiced profitably, but that the surplus animals must be 
sold rather from the pasture than the yard. 



88 











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93 



CHAPTER IX. 

Group V: Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Prof. Hall's Description — Counties Described 
— Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Erie, Jef- 
ferson, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Oswego, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wyoming — 
Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real Estate — Personal — Distribution 
of Land — (Jrass — Tillage Crops — Vegetable Products and Value — Animals — Products and 
Value — Agriculture — Can be Improved — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value 
— Financial Table. 

GROUP V. 
AUegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung-, Chenango, Cort- 
land, Erie, Jefferson, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Oswego, Schuyler, Steuben, 
Tioga, Tompkins, and Wyoming, 18 counties. 

BOUNDARIES. 

This group is bounded on the east by the west line of the 3rd and 4th 
groups; westerly by the east end of Lake Ontario, the east line of Onon- 
daga county, and by Lake Erie and part of the Pennsylvania line; north, 
by the south line of the counties composing the 6th group, and south by 
the Pennsylvania line. It extends in the form of an L, with its shortest 
leg to the north across the State from the east line of the county of Broome 
west, and from the Pennsylvania line on the south line of the same county 
to the St. Lawrence river on the north-west line of Jefferson county, 
embracing the southern and south-western tier of counties, and the midland 
and north-western midland counties. 

Nearly the whole surface lies upon the upper members of the New York 
system of sedimentary rocks, and occupies except in some small localities 
all the series above the Hamilton group, and above the limestone series, 
and upon the argillaceous and silicious members of the group, 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

In its topography, it is a vast aggregation of water sheds whose drain- 
age is at various angles with the direction of the great rivers that bear 
away its surplus waters, southwardly either into the Chesapeake or Dela- 
ware bays, through the Susquehanna or Delaware rivers, or westwardly 
into the Gulf of Mexico, through the Allegany and Ohio and Mississippi, 
and in some exceptional localities into the Ontario basin, through the St. 
Lawrence river. 

The Genesee river taking its rise in the northern highlands of Pennsyl- 
vania, drains to the north into Lake Ontario, the waters from the divides 
between its valleys and those of the Allegany on the west, and Susque- 
hanna on the east. And although it is the only stream in the State that 
runs north across its whole breadth, yet it by no means modifies the gene- 
ral surface or characteristics of the group. 

At some time in the history of this globe the sedimentary rocks of the 
New* York system have reached from the Catskill mountains at an eleva- 
tion of nearly three thousand feet above the level of the sea, far on to the 
west and beyond the western bounds of the State. The new red sandstone 
found near the Pennsylvania line on the highest hills in Cattaraugus county 
and that upon the Catskill mountains indicates that the same cause which 



94 

excavated Lake Ontario, also ground off the mass of rock over this whole 
territory and reduced its elevation by at least some 500 feet upon its hills 
to perhaps 1,000 or 1,200 feet in its deepest valleys, and left a succession 
of hills and valleys over nearly all of this territory. 

Whatever may have been the agency that tore up the solid strata of rock 
and carried its comminuted particles and spread them out over the vast fields 
of the Western States, creating a soil of unparalleled fertility, is not within 
the province of this report to discuss. That it may have been due to gla- 
ciers, which modern science renders not improbable, or to vast oceanic cur- 
rents, or to both, which is probable, their course was in the direction of 
the St. Lawrence valley from noi'theast to southwest; and their power is 
visible in shaping the valleys and hills of this group, as well as the condi- 
tion of its soil. 

The valleys are all the result of the force of water upon the adjacent 
rock, and therefore bear a direction corresponding in a general outline to 
that of the great oceanic current, being west-southwest and south-south- 
west. 

The northern line of most of the counties, except Oneida county, which 
contains the divide between the waters of Lake Ontario from those of the 
Mohawk, and the counties of Jefferson and Oswego, forms the southern 
rim of the narrow basin of Lake Ontario, and for a portion of Chautauqua 
county, of Lake Erie. 

This condition of its topography, together with the impervious nature of 
the rock, and the shallowness of the drift whereby it is covered, and its 
general elevation, affects its agriculture in an important degree. 

Taken in its aggregate it may be considered by far the largest continu- 
ous surface of argillaceous and silicious lands in the State, and a marked 
similarity within its soil, topography and consequent agricultural product 
is observed in the whole group. 

A brief description of a lai-ge portion of this group, as affected by 
its geology, may not be without interest, as it serves to make its topo- 
graphy more intelligible, and to explain many phenomena in regard to the 
varieties of its soil. 

Prof, Hall,* after describing the appearance of the country that consti- 
tutes the next or sixth group, which he represents as a succession of ter- 
races formed by the outcrop of the two great limestone formations, the 
last or soiithern one extending through the State, from the Hudson to the 
Niagara river, and first seen in this group in the southern bounds of Oneida 
county. From this last terrace, going south, the country is generally level, 
for several miles, when we commence a gradual ascent to higher ground. 
"Here, however, thei'e is no definite line bounding the northern extension, 
as in the case of the two tei^aces, but the outline is irregular, projecting 
in one part and receding in another. We find ourselves upon the margin 
of a country composed of hills and valleys, having no general direction 
other than that given by the water courses, although the country to the 
south of this is hilly, and in some parts rising to an elevation of twenty- 

* Natural History of New Tork. 



95 

five hundred feet above the ocean; yet it must be remembered there are no 
ranges of mountains; the whole surface is equally and alike covered with 
elevated plateaux, without the possibility of limiting them as to course or 
direction. The deepest valleys being north and south, gives this apparent 
bearing in some places to the neighboring hills. 

"Having no disturbance or upiiftings, we are therefore to look to another 
cause for the production of these hills. We must fancy this whole southern 
border of the State as having once been a high and broad plateau, with the 
underlying rocks extending much further to the north, uniform in outline 
and even in surface, as the limestone terraces just described; and that 
from denudation, the breaking up of the strata in some places, together 
with the action of waves and currents, has resulted this irregular and 
uneven surface. As proof of tliis, if we examine the strata on two sides 
of a ravine, we shall find that if continued they will meet in the same 
plane; and pursuing the same course in regard to near or distant hills or 
across broad valleys, we find invariably the same rule to hold good. These 
features are produced only by the removal of the mass which once filled 
the space, precisely in the same manner as those made by excavation of 
roads through ridges of sand and gravel; the power in this case being that 
of nature over a great extent of surface, and in the other that of man over 
a small one. All these hills are termed, in geology, outliers, or continua- 
tions of the same strata, where some intervening portions have been 
removed. 

" The larger streams flow in the deepest valleys, while the intermediate 
portion of country is less excavated and presents eminences less abrupt. 
Much of the higher ground exhibits a surface with gentle eminences and 
broad valleys, bounded by low hills, equally extensive. This character is 
more extreme toward the southern limit of the State, and on going north- 
ward gradually diminishes; the undulations becoming more gentle, until 
fiuallj'^ we come upon an almost unbroken level. 

" Further examination will show that each change in the topographical 
features is due to a change in the underlying rocks, and that the same rock 
does not give rise to any two of the main features described. 

" On investigating the lithological character of the strata in this dis- 
trict, we shall find that their varied composition and texture have given rise 
to the great features of its surface, and that hence are due not only these 
pleasing and beneficial inequalities, but also the origin of the streams and 
waterfalls which beautify and enliven the scenery, while they offer encour- 
agement to enterprise and industry, which in a country less diversified 
would never be called into action. 

" The form of the country determining the direction of the present water 
courses, is a matter of great importance. The highest portion of this dis- 
trict is occupied by the counties of Chemung, Steuben, Allegany, Catta- 
raugus and Chautauqua, the mean elevation of which is about two thou- 
sand feet above tide water." To this should be added Tompkins county. 
" The northern portion of this range forms the dividing ridge of the prin- 
cipal streams flowing in opposite directions, which mingle their waters with 
the ocean at distant points. Those on the north find their way into the 
Atlantic by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence river; while on the south, 



96 

some flow into the ocean by the Susquehanna, and" others, passing into the 
Allegany, find their way to the Gulf of Mexico, by the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi. The Genesee is an exception to the general rule, a river which 
takes its rise beyond the borders of the State, and flows northerly through 
all these counties, and discharges its water into Lake Ontario. 

"Valleys similar to that of the Genesee cross the district in a north and 
south direction. The principal of these are occupied in part by lakes, as 
Cayuga, Seneca and Canandaigua, tlie valleys in all cases continuing to 
the north and south extremities of these lakes, but the direction of the wa- 
ter courses being opposite from the highest part of the valley, which is 
south of the lakes. 

" To the same cause to which we owe these prominent features, and the 
hills of the southern counties, is also due the deep fertile soil prevailing 
throughout the greater part of the district. The materials excavated from 
these valleys in the form of fragments and masses, have been transported 
and reduced to the condition of sand, clay and pebbles, which are distribu- 
ted over the surface. By the same operation, also, the materials of the 
northern calcareous strata are mingled with the comminuted rocks of the 
south, and form a soil of unsurpassed fertility. 

"The high hills and deep valleys indicate the absence of an immense 
quantity of matter." 

The existence of these north and south valleys across the State, as in the 
case of Cayuga and Seneca lakes, have a great effect upon the industrial 
resources of the State, by enabling the citizens to avail themselves of the 
inexhaustible coal fields of Pennsylvania at moderate cost for transporta- 
tion. But for these lakes and valleys, the expense of transportation would 
be so enhanced as to nearly or quite preclude its ecdbomic use in the vari- 
ous arts of life. It is to present and prospective cheapness of fuel that this 
and the adjoining groups will owe the rapid increase of their population 
and wealth. 

The divide which separates the waters of the Mohawk from those of 
Lake Ontario runs across Oneida county from north to south, near the vil- 
lage of Rome. It continues north of Home across the county, passes along 
the western boundary of Lewis county, and across Jefferson county, near 
the great bend of Black river, and striking the St. Lawrence westward of 
Alexandria bay. All that part of Lewis, Oneida and Jefferson counties 
lying beyond or east of Black river, and east of this divide, properly be- 
longs to the fourth group, and partakes of its peculiarities in soil and cli- 
mate. 

To the south, the Stanwix divide strikes the great western summit or 
divide near Sangerfield, in Oneida county, which runs westerly through 
the county of Madison, and lies partly in the border counties of both the 
fifth and sixth groups, until it reaches the State line near Lake Erie. 

The whole territory may be very properly called an aggregate of divides, 
water-sheds, or hills ajld valleys. 



97 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT AND FUTURE 

VALUATION. 

Allegany County. 

Allegany county is bounded on the east by the county of Steuben, south 
by the Pennsylvania line, west by Cattaraugus, and north by Wyoming 
and a part of Livingston. It forms one of the frontier counties of the 
southern tier of counties. 

Its surface is mountainous towards the State line, but towards the mid- 
dle and north part it is hilly and broken. The soil of that portion which is 
drained by the Genesee river is much superior to that drained by either the 
Susquehanna on the east, or the Allegany on the West. It is yet a com- 
parative new county, and there is much of its surface in forest or only re- 
cently cleared. In its soil and general agricultural capacity, it is only a 
third class county, being better adapted to the dairy than any other branch 
of farming. It may be considered, however, as one of the best of its class. 
The elevation of the land modifies its agriculture, and neutralizes much of 
the productive power of the soil. 

The railroad and canal through its territory furnish ample facilities for 
the rapid and cheap transit of its products to market, and all that are re- 
quired to fully develop its resources. It has many villages, which are 
flourishing, a considerable hydraulic power, but not at present any manu- 
facturing centre of importance. Its population will increase slowly, and 
the valuation will require revision only biennially. 

Broome County. 

Broome county is bounded on the south by the State line of Pennsylva- 
nia, east by the county of Delaware, north by Chenango and part of Cort- 
land, and west by Tioga. It is a frontier county, with an elevated, hilly 
and broken surface, and in its general characteristics belongs to the third 
class, or dairying counties. That portion which has intervales along the 
rivers is valuable land; but the river bottoms form only a small part of its 
area. The railroads and the canal, which traverse the county in various 
directions, furnish ample facilities for the full development of all its re- 
sources, by giving a ready and cheap transit for its products to market. 
It has much valuable hydraulic power, which is as yet used but to a mod- 
erate extent, and there is no manufacturing centre of importance. It is 
yet a comparative new county, as large tracts of its surface are covered 
with a dense forest. But it is gradually increasing in its inhabitants and 
wealth, and its assessments will require a revision as often as once in two 
or three years. 

Cattaraugus County. 

Cattaraugus county is bounded on the east by Allegany, south by the 
Pennsylvania line, west by Chautauqua, and north by the county of Erie 
and a part of Wyoming. The surface is generally hilly and broken, and 
largely covered with forests. The south part is of such a nature, by reason of 
its precipitous hills and thin soil, that it will never be of much value for agri- 
cultural purposes. The valleys are narrow, and the general elevation of 

[T. C, P.] 13 



98 

its hills such as to modify its agriculture and make it only a third class 
county. It is a valuable dairying county. The railroad facilities are 
abundant to develop all its resources. There is no important hydraulic 
power in the county now occupied, and it ;vill be a long time before any 
manufacturing centre can be created within its bounds. The population 
and wealth will increase slowly, and its valuations will require a revision 
only at intervals of four or five years. 

Chautauqua County. 

The county of Chautauqua is situated on the extreme western bounds of 
the State, being bounded both on the south and west by the State of Penn- 
sylvania, on the north by Lake Erie, and on the east by the county of Cat- 
taraugus. 

In its agricultural capacity it is one of the best of the second class coun- 
ties, the larger part of its soil being well adapted to both spring grains and 
to grazing. The towns bordering upon Lake Erie are its best and most 
valuable, on account of soil; and they are so, also, by reason of their com- 
mercial advantages. The outlet of the Chautauqua lake furnishes a valu- 
able hydraulic power, which is being extensively used at Jamestown; and 
the railroad facilities now furnished the county are such that its population 
must increase, and its valuation, both of real and personal property, ought 
to increase annually. 

CHEMUNa County. 

Chemung county is bounded on the east by the county of Tioga, south 
by the Pennsylvania line, west by Steuben, and north by parts of the coun- 
ties of Schuyler and Tompkins. The surface is generally hilly. It has 
some valuable lands along the borders of the Susquehanna river, but the 
prevailing characteristics of soil, and the elevation of its hills, place it in 
the third class of counties, which are mainly adapted to the purposes of the 
dairy. Its railroad and canal facilities are abundant to develop all" its re- 
sources and to build up at the village of Elmira a manufacturing centre, 
which will ultimately be oife of the most important along the southern bor- 
der of the State. It will probably increase in population and wealth as 
rapidly as any among the "southern tier." Its valuation should be revised 
as often as once in two or three years. 

Chenango County. 

The county of Chenango is bounded on the north by the county of Madi- 
son, on the east by the county of Otsego and part of the county of Delaware, 
on the south by the county of Broome, and on the west by part of the county 
of Broom^ and the county of Cortland. 

The surface of this county is broken and hilly, and the elevation of the 
hills affects and modifies its agriculture. It is only a third class county, 
being principally devoted to the dairy. 

The only public work in the county is the Chenango canal, running north 
and south through the county. It is ample for the development of its re- 
sources. It has some hydraulic power, but not enough to ever make it a 
manufacturing center of any importance. It must be considered an inland 



99 

agricultural count}', whose population and wealth must increase very 
slowly, and its valuation Avill require revision at intervals of some three or 
four years. 

Cortland County. 

The county of Cortland is bounded on the north b}' the county of Onon- 
daga, on the east by the county of Chenango, on the south by parts of the 
counties of Broome and Tioga, and the west by parts of the counties of 
Tompkins and Cayuga. 

Its surface is hilly and broken, and its general elevation is such as to 
affect its agricultural productions, and to make it only a third class or dairy 
county. It has comparativel}^ little important hydraulic power, and its 
public works are confined to a single line of railroad through the county, 
from north to south. Considerable portions of its territory are yet in forest, 
which will only slowly be cleared up. 

The population and wealth of the county will increase slowly and its 
valuations require but little revision for many years. As a county, it is 
among the best of the dairy counties, and its products are favorably known 
in the markets. 

Erie County. 

The county of Erie is a frontier county. It is bounded on the west by 
Lake Erie and the Niagara river; on the north by the county of Niagara; 
on the east by the counties of Genesee and Wyoming; and on the south by 
the county of Cattaraugus. Its capacities of soil are quite diversified. 
The southern range of towns, embracing about one-third of its territory, 
are hilly, and assimilate the general characteristics of third class or graz- 
ing lands. The central third is more fertile, and ranks as second class 
lands; while the north third extends into the wheat growing region, and 
the land may be considered as equal to the average of first class land. In 
connection with its peculiar commercial advantages, it may be considered 
one of the most prosperous counties outside of the Hudson valley. It has 
within itB borders inexhaustible hydraulic power, which is used to some 
extent now, but eventually will be used to a still larger degree. The city 
of Buffalo is rapidly increasing in wealth and population, and there are 
many flourishing villages in various towns of the county which will conti- 
nue to increase in population and wealth. Besides, the proximity of a great 
and ever-consuming market renders the farming lands of the whole count}'- 
annually more valuable. 

In addition to the canal, which terminates at Buffalo, there are lines of 
railroad traversing its whole western front, and three lines that pass en- 
tirely through it from west to east. 

The valuations of this county will increase continually, and it is there- 
fore important to adjust them annually. 

Jefferson County. 

Jefferson county is bounded on the east by Lewis county, on the south 
by Oswego, on the north by St. Lawrence, and westerly by Lake Ontario 
and the St. Lawrence river. The surface is undulating, with a good drain- 
age into the lake and river. Some portions are broken and rocky, and 



100 

there is considerable forest in the eastern portions, but it is pretty exten- 
sively improved, as is shown by the figures of the census. The soil is well 
adapted to the spring' grains, and to grazing, or the dairy. In its agricul- 
tural capacity, it is among the best of the second class counties. 

It has great facilities for markets, furnished by its water and rail trans- 
portation. The Rome and Watertown railroad, with its extension north to 
the Northern road, and extending the whole length of its territory, north 
' and south, is abundant to develop all its resources, whether agricultural 
or manufacturing. The improvement of the Black river, so that it could 
be used for purposes of navigation to its junction with the Black river canal, 
would increase the value of the rear of the county by facilitating the re- 
moval of the forests in shape of cord-wood and lumber, to the markets fur- 
nished by the railroads and canals. 

Its dydraulic power is very large, and at Watertown is being extensively 
used, and a manufacturing centre of importance is growing up at that 
point. Its resources for manufacturing, and for sustaining a dense manu- 
facturing population from its own soil, are such that it must annually in- 
crease, both in wealth and population, and its valuations should be revised 
at least as often as every other year. 

Lewis County. 

Lewis county is bounded on the east by the county of Herkimer, on the 
south by Oneida, on the west by the counties of Oswego and Jefferson, and 
on the north by the county of St. Lawrence. 

The surface is rolling and hilly, but the general elevation of the whole is 
such as to modify the productiveness of its soil, and to render it only a 
dairying or third class county. The Black river divides it nearly equal; 
the west side of the river has a much more productive soil than on the east, 
which is within the Adirondac region, and the soil partakes of its charac- 
teristics, being more or less granitic, and cold, wet and thin. 

The same remarks in regard to the Black River improvement, made in re- 
gard to Jefferson, have still greater force here. 

Until, therefore, some public works are constructed within its territory, 
it will increase in population and wealth slowly, and its valuations will 
require revision onlj'- at long intervals, not oftener than once in five years. 

Madison County. 

Madison county is bounded east by Oneida county and a part of Otsego, 
south by Ckenango, west by Onondaga, and north by Oneida lake. That 
portion of the county which lies north of the divide or water shed which 
separates the drainage into the lake, on the north, from that into the 
branches of the Susquehanna river on the south, is level and to some 
extent marshy. The remainder is hilly and rolling, and considerably ele- 
vated. Much of the soil below the divide is well adapted to winter wheat, 
and the whole county may be considered, agriculturally, as among the best 
of the second class counties, both as a spring grain, grazing or dairy 
county. 

It has considerable hydraulic power, made more valuable by reason of 
the State reservoks for supplying the Chenango canal. It is already a 



101 

manufacturiug county, though it has no large manufacturing centre. The 
Chenango canal, which passes through its southeastern towns, and the Erie 
eanal and Central railroad in its northern end, furnish ample facilities for 
propsrly developing its resources. Its position is such that it must gradu- 
ally increase in population and wealth, and its valuations should be revised 
once in two years. 

Oneida County. 

The county of Oneida is bounded on the north by the county of Lewis, 
on the east by the county of Herkimer, on the southwest by the county of 
Madison, and on the west by the county of Oswego. 

The northern half of the county is hilly or rolling, and yet covered more 
or less with forests, which will be but slowly cleared up, and the land 
brought into cultivation. This portion of the county at best is only third 
class lands, and must always be considered simpl}'' as a dairying region. 
The southei-n half of the county is generally rolling, and compares favor- 
ably with any similar body of land in the State in the fertility of the soil 
and advantages of markets. 

The county has the advantage of numerous public works. It has no 
less than three lines of railroads running in different portions of its terri- 
tory, and also three diffei'ent lines of canals. There are, therefore, but 
small portions of the county that are not easily accessible to these great 
thoroughfares of commercial intercourse. 

The extensive and valuable hydraulic power which it possesses is already, 
to a considerable extent, profitably occupied, and it has become a manu- 
facturing centre of great importance, and the facilities furnished bj'- the 
several lines of public works for a rapid and cheap transit to market for 
the surplus products of its soil and manufactories, is steadily increasing 
its population and its wealth. 

Its valuations will, therefore, require an annual revision, that it may bear 
its portion of taxes with other wealth accumulating counties. 

The city of Utica, which contains 5,500 acres, is classed in the same 
manner as the other cities, and valued at the same price per lot as Auburn 
or Syracuse. The large amount of real estate in villages and corporations 
in various parts of the count}^, the Assessors have been unable to ascer- 
tain with a sufficient degree of accuracy, and they have estimated its value 
by the best light they could obtain. 

Oswego County. 

' Oswego county is bounded on the east by parts of the counties of Lewis 
and Jefferson, south by Oneida lake and Onondaga county, west by part of 
the county of Cayuga and Lake Ontario, and north by the county of Jeffer- 
son. Its surface is rolling, at some places hilly. Only a small portion of 
the soil is adapted to winter wheat, but is most congenial to the spring 
grains, and to the dairy. It is a second class county, but not among the 
best of its class. 

It has valuable hydraulic power, which at Oswego is extensively used, 
and from its location that city must become a commercial and manufac- 
turing centre of increasing importance. The Oswego canal, and the rail- 



102 

road from Osweg-o to Syracuse, and a part of the Watertown railroad, cross 
portions of its territory and furnish abundant facilities for the developing 
of its resoui'ces. Its population and wealth will advance continually, but 
not sufficiently to require a revision oftener than once in two years. 

Schuyler County. 

Schuyler county is bouinlcd on the east by Tompkins county, on the south 
by parts of Chemung- and Steuben counties, on the west by Steuben county, 
and on the north by parts of the counties of Yates and Cayuga. 

Its surface is broken and hilly and rolling. It lays nearly all in the 
winter wheat region, and its soil is such that upon a part of the county it 
can be profitably cultivated. The valley extending from the head of Seneca 
lake contains some of the finest lands for vineyards in the State, and the 
grape can be profitably cultivated in the county along the shores of the 
lake. It is a thriving, prosperous, second class county, and has abundant 
railroad and canal facilities for the developing of all its resources. It will 
gradually increase in population and wealth, but its valuations will not 
require a revision oftener than once in two or three years. 

Steuben County. 

Steuben county is bounded on the south by the State line of Pennsylva- 
nia, on the west by Allegany county and a part of Livingston, north by a 
part of Livingston and Yates, east by Chemung and Schuyler counties. 

The surface is hilly and broken, and the general elevation of the hills 
such as to modify its agricultural productions. Its soil is adapted to the 
spring grains and to grass, but it is principally a grazing and dairy county. 
The land which was originally covered with heavy forest of pine and hem- 
lock is being gradually cleared not only of the trees, but stumps, and it 
may be regarded as a thriving and prosperous county, its resources being 
developed by the railroads which traverse its territory in various directions, 
and by the Chemung canal which has its terminus in this county. It has 
considerable hydraulic power, but nothing that will make it a manufactur- 
ing centre of importance. Around Crooked lake, on its northeastern bor- 
der, it has some excellent land for vineyards, and the cultivation of the 
grape is becoming an important branch of rural industry. Its valuations 
will require revision once in three or four years. 

Tioga County. 

Tioga county is bounded on the east by Broome county, south by the 
State line, west by Chemung county, and north by Tompkins and part of 
Cortland counties. 

Its surface is broken and hilly. It has some level lands of first quality 
along the Susquehanna river, but its soil is generally adapted to grass and 
the spring grains, and its products are affected by the elevation of its hills. 
It is, as an agricultural county, only in the third class, being best adapted 
to the dairy. It has some hydraulic power, but nutljing to ever make it a 
manufacturing county of importance. The railroad from Ithaca to Owego, 
traversing its territory from north to south, and the New York and Erie 



103 

railroad across its southern border, furnish excellent facilities for the 
development of all its resources. 

It will gradually increase in population and wealth, but its valuations 
will not require a revision oftener than once in three or four years, 

Tompkins County. 

The county of Tompkins is bounded on the north by the county of Cayuga 
and part of the county of Seneca, on the east by Cortland county and part 
of the county of Broome, on the south by the county of Broome, and on the 
west by the coimty of Schuyler. 

Its surface is hilly, and in its southern portion the hills attain such an 
elevation as to affect the products of the land. The northern portion on 
each side of the Cayuga lake, contains some good wheat lands, but in its 
general features it may be ranked as a second class county, the largest 
portion of its soil being adapted to the successful cultivation of spring 
grains, and to grazing. 

It has a railroad running across its territory from north to south, and the 
navigable waters of the lake are also within its bounds. It possesses 
important hydraulic power, and considerable commercial advantages. It 
may be considered, however, an inland second class farming county, where 
population and wealth will increase slowly, and its value will -not require 
an annual revision, 

Wyoming County. 

The county of Wyoming is bounded west by the county of Erie, north 
by the county of Genesee, east by the county of Livingston, and south by 
parts of the counties of Allegany and Cattaraugus. It is hilly and broken, 
and its general surface is so much above the tide level as to materially 
affect its climate and the profitable cultivation of its soil. The northeast- 
ern portion of the county is a fertile wheat soil. The whole county, how- 
ever, can only be ranked as a second class county, being mainly devoted 
to stock and the dairy. It is very properly ranked as among the best and 
most productive in that class. It has the advantage of railroad facilities 
through a portion of its territory, which is remote from the markets upon 
other public improvements. Its commercial and manufacturing advantages 
are not good, and the population and wealth of the county must increase 
very slowly, and its value will not be materially enhanced for several 
years, and then only by the natural growth of its agricultural wealth. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Condition, Routes of Commer- 
cial Traffic, Banking and Manufacturing Capital. 

AREA. 

This group contains in square miles, 14,270 of surface, or 34 per cent, of 
the whole area of the State, divided into: 

Improved square lailes , 7,522 

Unimproved do ••t, 6,670 

Reduced to acres as foUowB : 



104 

Improved acres 4,814,360 

Unimproved 4,268,655 

Total acres 9,082,923 

The proportion is of : 

Improved, per cent 53 

Unimproved, do 47 

The improved acres to the unimproved, is equal to 53 improved to 41 
unimproved. » 

POPULATION. 

The aggregate population is: 

Rural 552,546 

Village 24.3,988 

City 120 474 

Total 917,008 

The proportion of each class of the population to the other is : 

Rural, percent 67 

Village do 20 

City do 13 

Density of the population is: 

Total population to total area is 65 persons per square mile, or one inhab- 
itant to 10 acres of land 

Of the rural population there are 39 to the square mile of the whole sur- 
face, or 16 acres of all the land to each person of rural population. 

The aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land is 
12, or 9 acres to each individual. 

The aggregate population to the aggregate improved square mile is 122 
persons, or five acres to each person. 

But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land 
is 12, or 9 acres to each inhabitant. 

The average number of improved acres in each farm is 54. 

The cash value of farm stock and implements, as returned by the farm- 
ers to the State census marshals for 1855, was: 

Cash value of farms $247,237,660 

do of stock 35,594,370 

do of tools and implements 8,238,551 

Total value of capital embarked in agriculture $291,070,581 

The average value of farms, stock, tools and implements per acre was: 

Farms, per acre $58 00 

Stock, do 8 35 

Tools and implements, per acre 1 93 

$68 28 

Whole average farming capital invested in : 

Farm $3,132 00 

Stock 482 00 

Implements 104 00 

Total invested $3,718 00 



The aggregate of all the real estate of the group is 



105 

Farm lands t $247,237,660 

Village and corporation 38,270,000 

City 30,150,000 

Total value of real estate $321,657,660 

The iucorporated cities are BnOalo, Utica and Oswego, 

Large towns are Watevtowii, Elmira and Rome. 

Both cities and large towns have the elements of progressive inci'ease, 
from commerce or manufacturing facilities, and will be important centres 
of increasing population and wealth. 

The aggregate miles of route for commercial traffic is: 

Railroads 948 

Canals and lakes 372 

Total 1,320 

The proportion of square miles of area to one mile of traffic route, is 1 
mile of route to 11 square miles of area, or as one to eleven. 

The valuation of real estate bj' the State Assessors, and of the personal 
estate by the town assessors, whereon was based the report of the Board 
of Equalization for the 3'ears 1863 and 1863, are as follows: 

Farm lands $182,368,331 

Village and corporations 38,270,000 

City 36,150,'000 

Total value of real estate $256,788,331 

Personal estate 28,653,161 

Total value of real and pergonal estate $285,441,492 

The details are tabulated and shown in table B, of the appendix to the 
group. 

Banking capital in 1861, was $10,199,430. 

The details are tabulated in table C, of the appendix to this group. 

DISTRIBUTION OF FARM LAXDS. 

Pasture, acres 1,775,600 

Meadow 1,275,419 

Total in grass, acres 3,051,019 

The proportion of grass to the Avhole area of improved land is : 

Pasture, percent , 37 

Meadow, do 27 

Total percentage of grass 64 

The proportion, therefore, of grass, is 64 acres in the 100, either in pas- 
ture or meadow, and 86 acres in cultivated crops. 

Spring wheat, acres 101,912 

Winter wheat, acres 140,231 

Oats, acres 495,306 

Rye, acres 29,731 

Barley, acres 84,093 

Total acres in white straw crops , 851,273 

Buckwheat 80,735 

Corn 225,348 

Peas 17,281 

Beans 3,977 

Total acres in fodder crops 327,341 327, 341 

[T, C. P.] 14 """^ 



106 

y< tfitocs. -. 62,84B 

Turnips 1,595 

Total acres in root crops 64,441 64,441 

Flax 1,505 

Hops 2,591 

Market gardens 1,164 

Total acres in commercial crops 5,260 5,200 

Total acres in cultivated crops, exclusive of pasture and meadow 1,248,047 

whicli is 25 ])ev cent, of the improved lands. But tliis leaves 11 per cent, 
of the improved land unaccounted for; a large portion of that may be in- 
cluded in orchards and land occupied by buildings, and some allowance for 
errors in census. 

The proportion under cultivation in the group, to the whole improved 
land of the State is per cent. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Hay, tons 1,180,752 $9,440,016 

Grass seed, bush 51,505 103,010 



Spring wheat, bush 1,175,440 1,469,300 

Winter wheat, do 1,417,020 1,772,033 

Oats do 10,178,955 3,536,086 

Eye do 320,090 256,072 

Barley do 985,323 788,266 

Buckwheat do 780,456 390,228 

Corn do ; 6,009,768 4,807,814 

:Reas do 246,147 196,917 

Beans do 64,816 129,632 



Total grain product, bush 21,178,631 

Potatoes, bush 4,528,056 1,132,014 

Turnips do 240,959 24,096 



Total roots 4,769,015 



riax seed, bush 10,951 16,427 

Plas lint, lbs 410,042 41,004 

Hops, lbs 2,220,377 222,037 

Apples, bush 5,443,202 544,320 

Cider, bbls 89,860 89,860 

Market gardens, value of products 133,948 

Total value of vegetable products $25,098,580 



The aggregate grain product is at the rate of 4.4 bushels per acre, of 
the land upon which it was grown 

The average annual value of the vegetable products of the improved 
per acre is $5.33. 

ANIMALS. 

Neat cattle, total number 787,674 

Under one year 128,816 

Over one year, exclusive of working oxen and cows.. 237,903 

Working oxen.. 52,005 

Cows 448,623 

Killed for beef 59,242 

Horses 188,769 

Mules 296 

Sheep 1,087,033 

Sheep, shorn 806,951 

Reducing the sheep to an equivalent of cattle or horses, being 
regarded as seven to one and they are equal to cattle 155,290 

Whole number of neat cattle, or their equivalent in sheep and 
horses 1,132,029 



107 

The aggregate of improved land to cattle is one head of cattle to four 
acres of laud, and to each cow eleven acres. 

The proportion of cows to aggregate stock is 40 per cent. To all the 
cows in the State it is 40 jier cent., but of the neat cattle of the grouD the 
cows are 51 per cent. 

Swine under si.x months 125, .353 



ANIMAL rUODrCTS WITH THEIK VALUE. 

Wool, lbs 2,954,348 at 40c $1,181,739 

Butter, lbs 38,396,343 at 15c 5,759,851 

Cheese, lbs 20,728,651 at 10c 2,072,865 

Milk sold, galls 932,781 at 8c 746,224 

Poultry, value sold $239,650 

Eggs, do 348,595 



Total value poultry and products $588,245 588,245 

Total value of animal productsj exclusive of animals sold $10,348,924 

To this sum should be added for the value of swine over six months old, which 
represents the surplus sold, 172,349 at §10 per head $1,723,490 

Also the value of cattle killed, as they would be the product of 

the locality, 59,242 head at $20 1,184,840 

One-third of the cattle over one year old may be assumed as 
sold, exclusive of those killed for beef, viz: 79,967 head, at 
S20 per head 1,599,340 

One-tenth of the horses are assumed to be sold annually, viz : 

18,876, at $30 per head 666,280 

The number of sheep sold annually is equal to a fourth part of 

the flock, I'iz : 271,758 head, at $2.00 per head 543,516 



Total value of annual surplus of animals and animal products $15,966,390 

As this is not purely a dairy group, but one of mixed husbandry, where, 
in addition to the dairy, grain-growing may be practiced to a profitable 
extent, and which, by proper modes of agriculture, may be considerably 
increased, there is to be added to the animal products the surplus of grain 
products, as represented in wheat, rye and barley, as well as the products 
of flax, grass-seed and hops. 

All the other vegetable products are represented in the animal products. 

The aggregate surplus of annual products of its agricultural lands will 
be as follows, viz: 

Aggregate animal products , $15,966,390 

Spring wheat, value 1,469,300 

1,772,033 

256,072 

788,266 

103,010 

16,427 

41,004 

222,037 



Winter do 


do 


Rye, 


do 


Barley, 


do 


Grass seed. 


do 


Flax seed, 


do 


Lint, 


do 


Hops, 


do 



Total surplus products of agriculture $20,635,139 



Which would be $4.29 per acre for all the improved land of the group. 

The average number of aci'es of improved land to each farm being 54, it 
follows that the average annual surplus of the farm is $231.66, or about 6| 
per cent, interest upon the capital invested. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The description of the topography, and the geology or lithological cha- 



108 

racter of its strata, marks the characteristics of its agricultural capacity. 
Along the indentations in its dividing* ridge of hills, the calcareous nature 
of the drift has imparted to tlio soil the elements for growing vviuter wheat 
profitably. But these locations are small in extent and generally require 
thorough under-drainage before the soil can be made available. 

The condition of its surface, however, is that which makes it admirably 
calculated for a great dairy district, and as such, it is mainly employed. 
There is probably not in the northern States of the Union, so large a con- 
tinuous tract of countrj'' that presents in the aggregate so much prime 
dairying lands as this, and there is none that can rival it in the quality 
and quantity of its dairy products. It is the great central dairying region 
of the Union. 

Of its area which is now unimproved, viz.: 6,670 square miles or over 
4,000,000 of acres, there is not over 1,000,000 of acres that is not capable, 
when cleared of its present forests, of being converted into profitable pas- 
ture or meadow. The time is rapidly approaching when every tree that 
ought to be cut down will have disappeared, and the whole region will be- 
come one vast dairy region, and literally its thousand hills will be covered 
with cattle. 

The dairy is the true wealth of this district, and to that the farmers 
should bend all their energies. The hilly nature of the laud renders its 
cultivation difticult, and points out the true method whereby the land shall 
be made profitable. Grass is here pre-eminently the best crop for the far- 
mer, and it should be his constant study to make two blades of grass grow 
where only one groAvs now. To this end, grain shonld be grown only as 
an exceptional crop, secondary to the increased productiveness of meadow 
and pasture. The farmers of this region are favored beyond those of the 
3d and 4'th groups, by having a more genial soil and climate, and greater 
command of manurial resources, and a wider field for its useful application. 
There arc few farms where roots may not be grown profitably, fewer where 
flax cannot be grown to advantage ; ar: d with flax seed and roots, the ma- 
nure may be enriched indefinitely; and. a no portion of the State will its 
application produce so marked results^ for here is a soil already mode- 
rately fertile, and the farmer has only to conserve those latent qualities by 
adding to them constantly, to possess a soil of great fertility, and capable 
of producing ricli rewards for his care. In this district, more than in any 
other, a systematic course of under-draining must be established; for 
there is little land that does not require it, and is not of sufiicient value to 
warrant the expense. On tens of thousands of acres, a judicious use of 
the plow in making open drains, will render valuable the land now waste 
in swamps or stagnant pools. The tops of nearly all the ridges or hills 
are elevated plateaux, often of some hundreds of acres, so level that the 
water is only slowly discharged by evaporation or soaking into the 
adjoining soil, and rendering wet and productive of only wild grass and 
rushes; yet a small outlay of time and labor, by making ditches to the slope 
of the hills would render these very waste and worse than waste places, 
the most fertile of the district. But when open ditches cannot be made to 
accomplish the object, the usual mode of tile or pipe-draining must be 



109 

adopted, and open ditches should be tolerated only where, from the nature 
of the land, they are the best. 

By a system of pipe or underdraining judiciously executed, the product of 
the soil in this whole district may be nearly or quite doubled. 

Let us see what would then be the condition of the country in the produce 
of animals. It now produces 38,396,343 pounds of butter, and 20,t28,651 
pounds of cheese, and 932,781 ^c^allons of milk. The cows are 448,623. 

Allowing three and a half gallons of milk to a pound of butter, or one gal- 
lon to a pound of cheese, and the aggregate of milk produced averages only 
332 gallons per cow, not half the quantity that a well kept cow is capable 
of producing. The soil, with proper management, can be made to produce 
the necessary food for doubling this product. Forty-two per cent, of all 
the cows in the State are in this group, and 42 per cent, of the butter, and 
61 per cent, of the cheese is also produced here. These facts indicate the 
tendency of the agriculture of the district, and further examinations will 
show, by the increased production of the cheese and butter, that the farmers 
are steadily pursuing the course indicated by their locality. 

The city and village population will rapidly increase in this group, but 
the rural will only remain stationary for a few years, and then decrease. 



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CHAPTER X. 

Group VI: Counties— Boundaries— Topography— Prof. Hall's Description— Counties Des- 
cj-iljed — Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Sene- 
ca, Wayne, Yates — Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real and Personal 
Estate — Aggregate Valuation Personal and Ileal — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — 
Vegetable Products and Value— Animals — Products — Value — Agriculture — Grain Growing — 
Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Financial. 

GROUP VI. 

Counties. 
Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, 
Orleans, Seneca, Wayne, Yates — 11. 

BOUNDARIES, &C. 

This group is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, west by Niagara 
river, south by the north line of the counties of Erie, Wyoming, Steuben, 
Schuyler, Tompkins and Cortland, east by parts of the counties of Madison 
and Oswego. That part of the counties of Wyoming and Erie, which lies 
north of a line drawn from the southwest angle of Livingston county north- 
westerly to the city of Buffalo, properly belongs to this group; but as coun- 
ties cannot be divided, it is returned in the other groups. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

In its general appearance it is level or gently undulating, rising into 
hills only on its southern boundary, where it approaches the higher mem- 
bers of the New York system rocks, in the adjoining group. It lies wholly 
within the Lake Ontario basin, as its drainage is entirely into that lake. 

It occupies nearly the whole of the limestone stratas below the Hamilton 
group of the New York system. 

Its soil is therefore highly calcareous, of unsurpassed fertility, and may 
be ranked as a first class soil. Its general elevation is two hundred to five 
hundred feet above tide. Its climate and soil are favorable to a high con- 
dition of agriculture, while its canals, lakes and railroads ensure a cheap 
transit of its produce to ready markets, and induce a state of prosperity 
highly advantageous to the employment of an immense manufacturing capi- 
tal, and a rapid increase of its population and wealth. 

It is a grain and fruit producing region. The apple, peach and pear 
flourish well here, and along the margins of the several inland lakes for a 
breadth of from half a mile to a mile there is some of the finest lands for the 
cultivation of the vine of any in the Union, and already vineyards have 
assumed a prominence in the agriculture of the group. 

The same cause which so modified the condition of the surface of the last 
group, which lies mostly to the south of this, was still more powerfully 
felt here. More than a thousand feet of rock which lay above the highest 
strata of limestone in this group has been worn away, and a level country 
when looked at from the north, presenting a gradual southern elevation, 
reached by terraces of varying height. 

Prof. Hall* thus describes the topographical features of this group, and 

* Natural History of New York. 




'oiiis(:ml& CassJdv.AJbanv NY 




lonisto.kA fassidv, Alliany iV Y 



119 

as it is affected by its geology; his remarks are reproduced entire, so far 
as they are pertinent; he says: " Bordering Lake Ontario on the south is 
a low plateau, gradually rising to the south for a distance of from four to 
eight miles, when we abruptly ascend a terrace which at its western extre- 
mity attains a height of two hundred feet, but which slopes gently down 
almost to the general level further east. From the top of this terrace we 
pass over a broad plateau of nearly level country, slightly depressed tow- 
ards the centre, but rising gently again to the south, till we come to the 
base of a second terrace, having a general height of sixty feet or more 
above the country on the north. These two terraces correspond with the 
out crop of the two great limestone formations, the southern one extending 
throughout the State, forming a prominent feature from the Hudson to the 
Niagara river. Beyond the terrace last mentioned, the country is level 
and generally even for several miles, when we commence a gradual ascent 
to higher ground. Here, however, there is no definite line bounding the 
southern extension, as in the case of the two terraces, but the outline is 
irregular, projecting in one part and receding in another. We find our- 
selves upon the margin of a country composed of hills and valleys, having 
no general direction other than that given by the water courses." This 
hilly country generally forms the southern boundary of the group, though 
it may occupy a portion of its southern limits, with its less fertile hills and 
valleys. 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT AND 
FUTURE VALUATION. 

Cayuga County. 

The county of Cayuga is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, on the 
east by parts of the counfies of Oswego, Onondaga and Cortland, on the 
south by Tompkins, on the west by the county of Wayne, part of the county 
of Seneca and Cajniga lake. 

It extends entirelj^ across the wheat lands of the wheat region, and em- 
braces portions of the second class lands on its south-eastern bounds. Its 
surface is generally undulating, and in a large portion the soil fertile, and 
"well adapted to the growth of winter wheat, or to the successful cultiva- 
tion of spring grains and to grazing. 

It has extensive hydraulic power, which to a considerable extent is pro- 
fitably improved, and is creating an extensive manufacturing centre. Its 
great advantages, in regard to the canals and numerous railroads, and de- 
veloping the hydraulic power and its manufacturing capacities, is rapidly 
increasing its population and wealth, making one of the important inland 
counties whose valuations will require annual adjustment. The presence 
of one of the State prisons in the county adds sensibly to its increasing 
wealth. 

It should be remarked in connection with the farming lands of this county, 
that the marshes occupy a considerable tract which, until drained, are pro- 
ductive of no income to the owners and cannot be made available for public 
revenue. When properly drained, however, the aggregate value of the 
farm lands of the county will be materially enhanced. 



120 
Genesee County. 

The county of Genesee is bounded west by Erie county, north by Orleans, 
east by Livingston and Monroe, south by Wyoming. It is situated on the 
southern limits of the wheat region, nearly one-third of its territory bound- 
ing upon Wyoming, being properly included in the second class lands. The 
surface is gently undulating, except on its extreme southern border, where 
it is more hilly. It has some valuable hydraulic power, but it is not suffi- 
cient to warrant any important manufacturing town. Its public improve- 
ments consist in railroads, which traverse it in various directions, and help, 
by the facilities thus furnished its farmers for marketing their produce, to 
make it a thriving county. Its population, however, will increase but 
slowly, and its increase in wealth will not be rapid. Two-thirds of the 
county, embracing the middle and north portions, may be classed as first 
quality, where the soil is admirably calculated for the profitable cultivation 
of winter wheat. In the southern third, winter wheat can be grown to a 
greater or less extent; but aS a general rule, the soil is better adapted to 
the spring grains, and to grazing. It has no important commercial or 
manufacturing facilities. 

Livingston County. 

The county of Livingston is bounded north by the county of Monroe, east 
by the county of Ontario, south by parts of the counties of Allegany and 
Steuben, and west by parts of the counties of Genesee and Wyoming. The 
southern portion of the county is hilly, and a small part of it is within the 
range of second class lands. By far the largest portion of the county, how- 
ever, is of the very first quality of land, its soil being well adapted to the 
growth of winter wheat. Few, if any counties in the State have so great 
a variety of first class lands, adapted to the profitable cultivation of all the 
grains and to the production of the grasses at the same time. 

It has comparatively little capacity for profitable manufacturing; but it 
has, in addition to the Genesee Valley canal, which traverses it from north 
to south, lines of railroads through it, both east and west and north and 
south. Its population and wealth will continue to increase, but not as 
rapidly as those counties which have larger manufacturing centres. But 
it will increase more rapidly than the counties immediately joining it on 
the west or south. 

Monroe County. 

The county of Monroe is bounded north by Lake Ontario, east by part of 
the counties of Wayne and Ontario, south by the county of Livingston, and 
west by parts of the counties of Genesee and Orleans. It lies within the 
wheat-land district. The surface is generally undulating, and the soil 
generally of great fertility. It is adapted to the cultivation of winter 
wheat and successful fruit growing. It is, therefore, one of the first class 
counties in regard to its agricultural capacities. 

The Genesee river furnishes superior manufacturing advantages; and 
the city of Rochester is now extensively engaged in manufacturing, and 
will ultimately become a manufacturing center of great importance. Its 



121 

commercial advantages are developed by the Erie and Genesee valley 
canals, and by various lines of railroads traversing its whole territory, fur- 
nishing easy access to good markets for the abundant products of its fer- 
tile soil, as well as the finished products of its manufactures. 

The county will, therefore, increase in population and wealth annually, 
and to such an extent as to require an annual revision of its value. 

Niagara County. 

The county of Niagara is in the northwest angle of the State, bounded 
on the west by the Niagara river, on the North by Lake Ontario, on the 
east by the county of Orleans, and on the south by the county of Erie. It 
lies entirely within the winter wheat region, its soil being peculiarly adap- 
ted to the successful cultivation of that cereal. It ranks in its agricultural 
capacity with the very best counties in the State, and is a first class county 
in regard to the productiveness of its soil. 

The hydraulic power within its bounds is immense, especially that which 
is furnished by the Niagara river at the falls of Niagara, and at no distant 
day must add largely to its population and wealth. 

The Erie canal and a branch of the Central railroad run through the 
whole county from west to east, and furnish ample facilities for marketing 
its surplus agricultural and manufactured products. Its commercial advan- 
tages are such that, with its genial soil, it must continually increase in 
population and value, and its valuations cannot be safely fixed for more 
than one or two years. They should be revised annually. 

Onondaga County. 

The county of Onondaga is bounded on the North by Oswego county, on 
the east by the county of Madison, on the south by Cortland county, and on 
the west by Cayuga county. 

The northern portion is comparatively level, and abounds with several 
large swamps. The middle is rolling and the south hilly. The soil gene- 
rally is fertile and productive. The central portion from east to west is 
admirably calculated for the cultivation of wheat. The southern portion is 
well adapted to the spring grains, and to grazing and the dairy. As an 
agricultural county it is equal in its general productiveness to many of the 
first class counties of which it is a member. 

Its hydraulic power is large and important, and is already being improved 
to considerable extent. The canals and railroads traversing its territory 
are ample for the developing of its resources, and it is rapidly becoming a 
manufacturing centre of increasing importance. 

In its brine springs and salt manufacture it has a permanent source of 
wealth, and its population and wealth are rapidly increasing, and its valua- 
tions will require an annual revision. 

The city of Syracuse has about 5,000 acres in its bounds which are tax- 
able, aside from the lands reserved for salt manufacturing purposes. 

The lands have been rated at the prices of those of Auburn, neither of 
the cities being classed as commercial towns, nor the lands valued at the 
rate adopted in those cities which combine manufacturiug with commercial 
advantages. 

[T. C. P.] 16 



122 
Ontario County. 

The county of Ontario is bounded on the north by the county of Wayne 
and part of Monroe, on the east by the county of Seneca, on the south by 
the county of Yates and part of the county of Steuben, and on the west by 
the county of Livingston and part of the county of Monroe. 

The surface is undulating- generally, except on the southwest corner; it 
is more or less hilly. Nearly three-quarters of the county is within the 
wheat region, and the soil well adapted to the successful growth of that 
plant. The southwestern portion of the county is composed of second 
quality land, though there is but a small portion of it which does not admit 
of successful cultivation. 

The county is traversed by railroads in various directions, and the prox- 
imity of the northern portions to the Erie canal gives it excellent means of 
transportation for its products to market. Its commercial or manufactur- 
ing advantages are not such as to create any large centres of either; but 
it is a thriving, prosperous inland county, mainly devoted to agricultural 
pursuits, and its population and wealth do not increase with much rapidity; 
still its general value is increasing to such an extent as to warrant an 
annual revision. 

Orleans County. 

The county of Orleans is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, east by 
Monroe county, south by the county of Genesee, and west by the county of 
Niagara. It lies entirely in the wheat district, and is therefore one of the 
first claSs counties. Its soil is admirably adapted to the cultivation of 
winter wheat, and is fertile and productive. It has considerable hydraulic 
power in its bounds; and the Erie canal, and a branch of the Central rail- 
road passing across it from west to east, furnish ample facilities for 
marketing its surplus products. It has not the prospect of increasing its 
population or its wealth as rapidly as the counties of Niagara or Monroe, 
and its valuation will not be materially changed, or require so often to be 
readjusted, as many other counties which do not possess such advantages 
of soil. Still, it must advance, in both population and wealth, though at a 
slower rate. It is, however, essentially an agricultural county, and its 
productiveness and value will be considerably enhanced by the drainage of 
the Tonawanda swamp, by the State, and thus reclaiming some valuable 
lands now nearly unproductive, and which cannot be drained by individual 
enterprise. 

Seneca County. 

The county of Seneca is bounded ©n the north by the county of "Wayne, 
east by the Cay-uga lake dividing it from the county of Cayuga, and a 
small part of Tompkins, on the south by parts of the counties of Tompkins 
and Schuyler, west in part by the county of Ontario and by the Seneca 
lake, separating it from the counties of Ontario and Yates. 

Its surface is gently undulating, and it lies within the wheat region. It 
is a first class county, the soil being well adapted, with but few exceptions, 
to the successfull cultivation of that plant over the entire county. 

It has extensive and valuable hydraulic privileges, furnished by the 



123 

Seneca river, and contains now manufacturing' centres of importance, 
which must rapidly increase in population and wealth. The public works 
in the improvement of the Seneca river, and in the railroads which cross it 
near its northern end, together with an internal lake navigation, which 
nearly encircles it, are ample for developing its advantages, and for bring- 
ing' within its bounds increasing- population and wealth. Its valuations 
will require annual revision, in order to their proper adjustment in the 
general equalization with the other counties of the State. 

Wayne County. 

The County of Wayne is bounded north by Lake Ontario, east by the 
county of Cayuga, south by parts of the counties of Seneca and Ontario, 
and West by the county of Monroe. 

The surface is generally broken, undulating, and in some portions hilly. 
It is situated within the wheat region, its soil being admirably calculated 
for the successful cultivation of that plant. 

Its public improvements are the Erie canal and New York Central rail- 
road, running through the southern portions of the county from west to 
east. There is no very extensive hydraulic power in the county, whereby 
there can be made a large manufacturing centre, nor has it any superior 
commercial advantages that will be very rapidly improved. 

It is a flourishing inland agricultural county, and its population and 
wealth will gradually increase, so that its valuations will require at least 
annual revision. 

Yates County. 

Yates county is bounded on the east by the Seneca lake, on the south by 
parts of the counties of Schuyler and Steuben, on the west by part of the 
county of Ontario and Canandaigua lake, and on the north by the county 
of Ontario. Its surface is slightly hilly, and gently undulating, and the 
greater portion of the county is situated within the winter-wheat region. 
Its soil is admirably adapted to the profitable cultivation of that plant, and 
to the other grains; and it is, therefore, in the first class. It is a thriving 
agricultural inland county, which has in its railroad, canal and lake, facili- 
ties for marketing its surplus products, abundant means for developing its 
resources, and must gradually increase in population and wealth, but not 
as rapidly as some of the more northern wheat-growing counties. It has 
no important manufacturing centre, nor any peculiar advantages for build- 
ing one up at present. Its valuations will require revision once in two 
years. 

Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations and Commercial 
Routes of Traffic. 

AREA. 

This group is 14 per cent, of the whole State, and embraces an area of 
5,644 square miles, whereof there are: 

Improved, square miles 4,063 

Unimproved, do 1,581 



124 



Tlie proportion therefore is 



Improved, percent 72 

Unimproved, do 28 

Reduced to acres there are : 

Improved, acres... 2,600,209 

Unimproved, acres 1,011,964 

Total acres 3,622,273 

The improved is 72 per cent of tlie whole area, or the improved to the 
unimproved is as 12 to 28. 

The proportion of tlie improved land in the group to that of the aggre- 
gate improved land of the State, is 19 per cent. 

POPULATION. 

The aggregate population of the group is: 

Rural 252,000 

Village 199,406 

City 87,309 

Total population 538,715 

The proportion of each is : 

Kural, percent 49 

Village do 37 

City do 14 

The proportion of urban and suburban population to rural, is 51 percent. 

The density of population is, total population to total area, 94 persons to 
the square mile, or one inhabitant to every seven acres of land. 

The aggregate population to the aggregate of the improved land is, 133 
persons to the square mile. 

Of the rural population, there are 45 inhabitants to the square mile, or 
14 acres of the total area to each person. 

But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land 
is 63, or ten acres to each person; which gives 60 acres as the average 
number of improved acres in each farm. 

VALUATION OF FARMS AND REAL ESTATE. 

The cash value of farms, stock, implements and tools, by the State census 
of 1855 was: 

Farms $201,289,020 

Stock 22, 1 85,009 

Tools and implements 6,012,887 

Total capital invested in agriculture $229,486,916 

The average value of farms, stock, tools and implements, per acre of im- 
proved land, is: 

Farms, per acre $77 00 

Stock, per acre .- - 8 57 

Tools and implements, per acre 2 30 

Total $87 87 



125 

The whole averaa^e capital invested in a farm is : 

Farm '. $4,620 00 

Stock 514 00 

Tools and implements 138 00 

Total invested $5,272 00 

The aggregate value of all the real estate of the group is : 

Farm lands $205,289,020 

Village and corporation 29,000,000 

City 20,927,000 

Total $255,216,020 

The incorporated cities are Rochester, Auburn and Syracuse. The larger 
and more important villages are Lockport, Geneva, Seneca Falls, Lyons, 
Brockport, Medina. Each of which have elements of progressive increase, 
both in population and wealth. 

The total miles of route for commercial traffic are: 

Railroads, miles 590 

Canal, do ' • • • • 313 

Lakes, do 90 

Total / _993 

The proportion of square miles of area to oue mile of traffic route is, one 
mile of route to six square miles of surface. 

The valuations of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal 
estate by the town assessors, whereon the report of the Board of Equaliza- 
tion was based, for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows: 

Farm lands $161,954,455 

Village and corporation real estate 29,000,000 

City 20, 927,000 

Total real estate $211,881,455 

Personal estate 25,653,391 

Total real and personal estate $237,634,846 

The details are tabulated in table B, in the appendix to this group. 
The banking capital employed in 1861, was $6,782,890. 
The details are tabulated and shewn in table C, in the appendix to this 
group. 

DISTRIBUTION OF FARM LANDS. 

Pasture, acres 648,477 

Meadow, do T 424,254 

Total acres in grass 1,072,731 

The proportion of acres in grass to the whole area of cultivated or im- 
proved land is : 

Pasture, percent 25 

Meadow, do 16 

Total percentage of grass 41 

Therefore, only 41 acres of every 100 of the improved land is in grass. 

Spring wheat, acres 20,673 

Winter wheat, do 386,446 

Oats, do 238,670 

Eye, do 7,9.33 

Barley, do 107,975 

Total acres in white straw crops 761,597 



126 

Which is 29 pei* cent of the improved land. 

Buckwheat, acres 35,635 

Corn, do 24], 247 

Peas, do 8,387 

Beans, . do 8,466 

Total acres in fodder crops 293,735 

Votatoes, acres 33,561 

Xurnips, do 878 

Total acres in roots 34,439 

Flax, acres 2,218 

Tobacco 633 

Hops, acres, 156 

Market gardens, acres 822 

Total acres in mercantile crops 3,849 

Recapitulation. 

Total acres in straw crops 761, 597 

do foddercrops 293,735 

do • roots 34,439 

do mercantile crops 3,829 

Total acres under cultivation exclusive of pasture 1,093,600 

Being 42 per cent, of the improved land. But there is still the large 
fraction of It per cent, of the improved land not yet accounted for. It will 
be found principally included in the orchards and nurseries which occupy, 
in^he aggregate, a large quantity of land in this group. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Hay, acres 460,486 $3,683,912 

Grass seed, bushels 25,556 51,112 

Spring wheat, bushels 211,654 264,568 

Winter wheat, do 5,054,902 6,317,491 

Oats, do 6,028,417 4,822,755 

Rye, do 85,525 64,420 

Barley, do 1,965,441 1,572,353 

Buckwheat, do 283,490 71,744 

Corn, do 6,333,144 6,066,515 

Peas, do , 119,991 95,993 

Beans, do 97,575 195,160 

Total grain products 20,729,839 

Potatoes, bushels 2,614,014 633, 504 

Turnips, do 156,315 15,631 

Total roots 2,770,329 

Plax seed, bushels 14,693 22,040 

Lint, pounds 1,014,813 101 ,481 

Hops, do 121,432 12,143 

Apples, bushels 3,940,661 394,066 

Cider, barrels 80,415 80,415 

Market gardens, value of products - • • 80,998 

Total value of vegetable products $23,566,269 

The average annual value of the vegetable products per acre of the im- 
proved land, exclusive of pasture, is $15.50 per acre. 

The aggregate annual grain product is IT bushels of all kinds per acre 
for the land upon which it was grown. 



127 

ANIMALS, AND VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS. 

Neat cattle, total number h. 347,959 

Under oneyearold 61, 406 

Over two years old, exclusive of working oxen and cows. . 118,382 

Oxen 18,382 

Cows , 149,694 

Killed for beef , 30,773 

Horses 142,377 142,377 

Mules 273 273 

Sheep 1,054,871 

Sheep, shorn 916,747 

Reducing sheep to an equivalent of cattle or horses, at 7 to 1, they 

are equal to 150,640 

Whole number of cattle or their equivalent 641,249 

The aggregate of improved land to cattle is one to two acres, and one 
cow to six acres. The disproportion of cows to horses is a marked feature 
in the animals of this group. 

The proportion of cows to aggregate stock is 24 per cent., and of all 
the cows in the State is 14 per cent.; but of the neat cattle of the group it 
is 44 per cent. 

Swine under six months 114,565 

Swine over six months 143, 137 



Total swine 257,702 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. 

Wool, lbs 3,538,374 $1,415,339 

Butter, lbs 13,526,935 2,039,040 

Cheese, lbs 2,002,660 200,266 

Milk, galls 1,237,360 98',988 

Value of poultry sold 188,907 

Value of eggs sold 259,883 

Total value of poultry sold 448,730 

Total value of animal products exclusive of animals sold.. . . $4,202,363 

To this sum should be added for the value of swine over six months, which 

represent the surplus sold, viz., 143,137, at $10 $1,431,370 

Also of the cattle killed, which was 30,773, at $20 615,460 

One-third of the cattle over 1 year, may be assumed as sold, ex- 
clusive of those killed for beef, viz., 39,400, at $20 789,200 

One-tenth of the horses, 14,238 427,140^ 

One-fourth of sheep, 263,620 head, at $2 527,240 

Total value of annual surplus of animal products $7,993,775 

As this is a grain growing group, there should be added to the annual 
products the surplus arising from wheat, barley, rye and beans; and as it 
is a fruit growing region, the surplus of the orchard should also be added. 

The value of surplus products, then, besides those from animals, would 
be: 

Wheat, spring and winter $6,582,059 

Barley 1,965,441 

Rye 64,420 

Beans 195,150 

Flax seed and lint 123,521 

Hops 12,143 

Apples and cider 474,481 

Market gardens 80,998 

Grass seed 51,112 

Total vegetable surplus ■> $9,549,224 

Add animal surplus 7,993,775 

Total value of surplus products of agriculture $17,542,999 



128 

Which is equal to $6.*I5 per acre of the improved land of the group, 
making the annual revenue of the farm |40o,00, or nearly 8 per cent upon 
the capital invested. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The agriculture of tliis group may be termed mixed husbandry, as nearly 
all the land is capable of successful cultivation in wheat, and all the other 
grains yield profitable returns. The surplus principally depended upon for 
revenue is grain; winter wheat is the staple crop, and barley is the next 
most important one. Rye is grown to some extent as a staple, but only in 
the vicinity of large towns, where the straw forms a profitable product for 
the market. 

The system generally adopted by the best class of farmers is to manure 
as well as tliey can, a clover sod which is turned over for corn, followed 
by oats and winter wheat, and seeded with clover and herds-grass. Plas- 
ter is used extensively upon the clover; manure is also applied to the 
wheat when sown, if it be in the yard; and some farmers pile their manure, 
which is more or less of straw, in the spring, and cart it upon the wheat 
when sown in the fall. 

The animals which are the most generally kept are sheep, horses and 
hogs. The necessity of more attention to manure has compelled the adop- 
tion of a system that keeps less land under the plow and more in clover 
and grass, and cattle are being kept in much larger numbers than formerly; 
and albeit tlie farmers do make money from their farms, they by no means 
make as much as they ought with so rich a soil and so great facilities for 
markets. Their lands do not present the same advantages for permanent 
pasture as upon a soil less calcareous, more elevated, and consequently 
more moist. 

The plan now gradually growing into favor, of abandoning the fallow 
system, or plowing in a crop of clover for a crop of wheat, and adopting 
the system of, 1st, corn; 2d, oats; 3d, wheat and seeds, and mowing or 
pasturing until the clover becomes less luxuriant, is that from which most 
money can be taken from the land, and its fertility not only maintained but 
increased. But it can only be made to produce these results in the highest 
degree by winter stall-feeding, either of sheep or cattle. 

If the coarse grains be consumed upon the farm, and by their consump- 
tion with oil meal, the straw and offal of the farm be converted into manure, 
the clover consumed by the stock in the yard rather than upon the ground, 
or plowed in as grain manure, a system will be perfected that must add 
largely to the profits of the farmer, especially if the land be well drained 
when it is too wet for early cultivation. Much of the land in this group 
requires draining, and in no other portion of the State can fai^mers better 
afford to completely under-drain their clay lands. 

There are certain facts operating upon their system of farming, as here- 
tofore followed, which it would be well for them to heed. Their vegetable 
products fetch but a trifle more than tney did twentj^ years ago — perhaps 
many articles not so much, whereas animals or animal products have nearly 
or quite doubled in the same time, and many nearly or quite quadrupled. 



129 

Any system, therefore, wliich does not recognize this great fact, becomes 
more or less defective in its proper or desired results. 

The remarks heretofore made in regard to the effect of markets upon 
agriculture apply to this group with peculiar force, and properly pondered 
will add largely to the wealth of the considerate farmer. 

By an examination of the tables it will be seen that sheep are the pre- 
vailing stock of this group, there being a trifle over two acres of cultiva- 
ted land to a sheep, while in none of the others does it fall below four, and 
in some exceeds six acres to one. But it will also be noticed that the dairy 
is not successful here, for while iu the adjoining group only eleven acres 
are required for a cow, here it is seventeen to one. Nor is the proportion 
of land in tillage to that in grass less remarkable, the grass being only 
forty-one per cent of the improved land, the pasture being twenty-four per 
cent, and the meadow only seventeen per cent.. 

Comparing sheep and cows with this and the adjoining, or Vth Group, 
we find in this group 260 sheep and 37 cows to the square mile of improved 
land, and in the other 59 cows and 144 sheep to the same surface. 



[T. C. P.] 1^ 



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142 



TABLE G. 

Animals to square mile of improved land. 
Groups. 



KINDS. 



II. 



III. 



IV. 



V. 



VI. State. 



Total neat cattle 

Under one year old 

Over 1 year old, exclusive of 
working oxen and cows . . . 

"Working oxen 

Cows 

Killed for beef 

Horses 

Swine under 6 months old.. 

Swine over 6 months old .... 

Sheep 

Total cattle, or their equiva- 
lent in horses and sheep . . . 



24 
9 

50 
108 
704 
36 
46 
76 

811 



76 
10 

16 

9 

41 

9 

20 

41 

22 

144 

116 



115 
17 

29 
8 
62 
11 
26 
34 
27 
112 

157 



100 
14 

27 
6 

53 
7 

2t 

16 

17 

102 

138 



104 
16 

32 

7 

59 

8 

25 

17 

22 

144 

149 



85 
15 

29 

4 

37 

7 

35 

28 

35 

260 

157 



100 
15 

28 
7 
60 
10 
28 
29 
28 
140 

148 



TABLE H. 

Showing percentage of general crop to each Group. 



KIND OF CROP. 


I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


V. 


VI. 




00 
4 
2 
5 

00 
2 
6 
7 

13 
6 
3 

00 

00 


02 

2 

11 

40 

1 

9 

13 

2 

5 

14 

12 

31 

00 


06 

2 

16 

35 

4 

34 

11 

15 

7 

13 

20 

30 

54 


25 
1 

12 
8 
4 

13 
3 

18 
9 

19 

12 
9 

13 


57 
20 
38 
10 
30 
31 
32 
35 
27 
30 
36 
7 
30 


10 




71 


Oats 


21 


Rve 


2 




61 




11 




36 




23 




39 




18 


Hay 


17 




20 




3 







143 



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INDEX. 



Page. 

Resolutions passed by Executive Committeo of the New York State Agricultural Society. . 5 

Letter to Colonel B. P. Johnson ". 5 

Prcfa'ce 5 

Introduction 6 

Chapter I 8 

Boundaries of State 8 

Geography, Topography and Division of State into Agricultural Groups by 

Counties • • 8 

Area of 8 

Surface of ^ 

Drainage of 1*^ 

Counties of, divided into groups H 

Groups 12 

Proportion of, to State area. ; 12 

Chapter II 1"^ 

Markets, and facilities for reaching 13 

Facilities for transportation.. 15 

1st, local or public highwways 1^ 

2d, general or commercial routes 1'' 

Chapter III • 18 

Population, classified 18 

Density of • 18 

Distribution of improved land 19 

Animals, their number 22 

Animal products 23 

Chapter IV 25 

"Value of real and personal estate 25-27 

Valuation, modes of 25 

Agriculture, relative to groups 29 

Chapter V ^^ 

Group 1 33 

Kings and New York counties 34 

Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties 35 

Area, population, agricultural valuations, commercial routes of trafiSc 36 

Statistics from census of 1855 41-43 

Digest by State Assessors for Board of Equalization 44 

Chapter VI ^^ 

Group 2 , • 45 

Brief description of counties composing 46 

Area, population, agricultural valuations, routes of traffic, banking capital ... 4S 

Distribution of land 50 

Agriculture 5* 

Statistics 56-58 

Digest by State Assessors 59 



152 

Paob. 

Chapter VII 60 

Group 3 — Counties 60 

Brief description and resources 60 

Area, population, agricultural products and valuations, routes of traflBc, 

banking capital 64 

Agriculture of 69 

Statistics of 72-74 

Digest by State Assessors 75 

Chapter VIII 77 

Group 4 — Counties, boundaries, &o 77 

Description of counties 78 

Area, population, agricultural valuations, and commercial routes 82 

Agriculture 86 

Statistics 88-90 

Digest by State Assessors . . . .' 91 

Chapter IX 93 

Group 5 — Counties, boundaries 93 

Description of counties 97 

Area, population, agricultural condition, routes of trafi&c, and banking and 

manufacturing capital 103 

Agriculture 107 

Statistics 110-15 

Digest by State Assessors 116 

Chapter X 118 

Group 6 — Counties, boundaries, topography 118 

Brief description of counties in 119 

Agriculture 123 

Statistics 130-32 

Digest by State Assessors 133 

APPENDIX. 

Table A — Population, aggregate, in detail and in proportion 135 

B — Valuation of real estate, Ac, Ac 136 

C — Area of groups, Ac 137 

D — Distribution of improved land, crops 138, 139 

E — Vegetable products, Ac 140 

E — Animals in groups, Ac 141 

G — Animals to square miles of improved land 142 

H — Percentage of crop to group , 142 

I — Digest for 1862, 1863 143-45 

J — Population, banking capital, Ac 146 

K— Manufacture , 148, 149 




-A 



R E P O R T 



ON THE 



^picttlttttal mi #tki; ^mmm 



OF THK 



STATE OF NEAV YORK. 



THEODORE C. PETERS, 

STATE ASSESSOR. 



TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE, JANUARY 7th, 1864. 



L^ 



ALBANY : 

VAN BENTHUYSEN'S STEAM PRINTING HOUSK. 
1864. 



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